Table of ContentsEtiology and Risk FactorsPathophysiological ProcessesClinical Manifestations and ComplicationsConclusionReferencesOsteoporosis, or porous bone, is a common bone disorder. It is characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue resulting from bone resorption exceeding bone formation. Deterioration of bone tissue and low bone mass lead to bone fragility and increase the risk of spontaneous fractures (Hubert & VanMeter, 2018). The estimated prevalence is approximately 10 million in the United States, with many more individuals at increased risk due to low bone mass. Although women are at higher risk, a significant number of men have been diagnosed with osteoporosis. This pathology is one of the main factors responsible for approximately 1.5 million fractures per year. There are often no signs or symptoms and osteoporosis is not diagnosed until a fracture occurs. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine screenings for all women aged 65 or older and postmenopausal women younger than 65 with predisposing factors associated with increased risk of fractures, such as parental history fractures, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and body weakness. weight. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Etiology and Risk Factors Bone mass typically peaks in young adults and then begins to gradually decline throughout life. Decreased bone mass and strength increase the risk of spinal fractures in low-injury accidents. The rate of bone mass decline includes many contributing factors. The most important factor contributing to bone mass decline is gonadal steroid deficiency. Other contributing factors include lifestyle and environmental factors such as poor diet or malabsorption disorders, leading to vitamin D, calcium and protein deficiencies, smoking, high caffeine consumption and mode sedentary life. Hormonal factors such as hyperparathyroidism can also increase bone loss. Osteoporosis is an age-related disease. Although a significant number of men are diagnosed, women are at higher risk of developing osteoporosis due to menopausal transitions. Additional non-modifiable factors such as culture and genetic predisposition impact the formation of osteoporosis, including in Asian and Caucasian individuals, due to typically small and lightweight bone structures. Pathophysiological processes In men and women, a significant decrease in bone mass density begins as early as the third decade of age. life. Loss of bone mass continues throughout life, primarily affecting the trabecular bone of the spine. In women, bone loss in the spine increases during the transition to menopause. Women also lose cortical bone during the menopausal transition. In comparison, as men are not menopausal, trabecular bone loss is comparatively less than bone loss in women. Loss of trabecular and cortical bone mass leads to alterations in skeletal geometry and, ultimately, effects on skeletal strength (Drake et al., 2015). Progressive bone loss and skeletal changes predispose aging adults to increased risk of1