Medical NursingIn veterinary medicine, orogastric intubation is performed on the canines to feed newborns who do not have a sucking reflex or cannot suckle. This procedure is also used to decompress the stomach in cases of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) or to perform gastric lavage after toxin ingestion. In newborn puppies, a small tube is measured from the tip of the nose to the last rib. This point is marked and the tube is advanced down the puppy's throat until the marking is made. Newborn puppies do not have a gag reflex, so they will not cough or gag when the tube is placed. To determine that the tube was placed in the esophagus and not the trachea, make sure the tube is advanced to the marking on the tube. If it cannot be advanced to the marking, the tube may be in the trachea. Slowly administer the appropriate amount of preparation. After the puppy is fed, pinch the tube (to prevent any fluid from entering the trachea) and remove it slowly (McCurnin, 2014). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay Most dogs tolerate orogastric tube (OGT) placement without sedation and with little resistance. However, if the dog is intolerant or tries to bite, sedation may be necessary. If orogastric intubation is performed on a sedated dog, the airway can be secured by placing an endotracheal tube (ETT). To perform orogastric intubation, the dog must be placed in a sternal or standing position. A plastic or rubber tube is measured and marked with a marker or tape from the tip of the nose to the last rib. A roll of tape (or something with a hole in the center large enough to fit the tube through) is placed in the dog's mouth to hold the mouth open. The end of the tube is lubricated and slowly passed through the hole in the tape roll. The dog may swallow when the tube enters the esophagus. It's normal. If the dog coughs, the tube may have entered the windpipe and must be removed (McCurnin, 2014). Once it is determined that the tube has entered the esophagus, it should be advanced slowly to the point marked on the tube. If an endotracheal tube has been placed, there are few problems with aspiration. However, if an ETT has not been placed, the OGT should be checked to ensure it is in the esophagus and not the trachea. To do this, air can be blown into the OGT and bubbles can be heard in the stomach using a stethoscope (McCurnin, 2014). In case of gastric lavage, the dog must be in sternal or right lateral recumbency. The liquid must be introduced into the tube via a syringe, funnel or pump. Palpate the stomach to break down the stomach contents and confirm that the stomach is not overfilled with fluid. Lower the tube into a bucket to allow the stomach contents to be emptied. If toxins are ingested, activated charcoal can be added after gastric lavage. When removing the tube, bend the end and slowly withdraw the tube from the esophagus. Bending the tube prevents fluids from flowing back into the trachea. (McCurnin, 2014). The main risk associated with orogastric intubation is advancing the tube into the trachea instead of the esophagus and causing aspiration. Administering an antiemetic before performing gastric lavage will decrease the risk of secondary aspiration. (Mollderm).When assessing hydration status in a feline patient, several parameters should be measured. Capillary refill time(CRT) is the most important indicator of hydration, followed by mucous membrane and turgor pressure. Capillary refill time is important because it reflects the patient's cardiac output. Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Dehydration affects cardiac output, which is why CRTs are used to measure hydration in animals. It is done simply by pressing the tip of your finger on the animal's gums until they turn white. When the fingertip is removed, the timeyou need to wait for the color to return to normal. A normal CRT should last less than 2.5 seconds. A prolonged CRT greater than 2.5 seconds indicates dehydration or shock (McCurnin, 2014). The condition of mucous membranes, such as the gums and eyelids, can also be beneficial in assessing a patient's hydration status. Well-hydrated patients have pink and moist mucous membranes. The mucous membranes of a dehydrated patient are usually dry and tachy. Turgor pressure is essentially a skin pinch test. The skin is pinched (usually behind the shoulder blades) and released. The time it takes for the skin to return to its normal position is considered the turgor pressure. The normal turgor pressure of a well-hydrated animal is one second or less. Prolonged turgor pressure greater than one minute is considered dehydrated. Approximate ranges are 2 to 4 seconds for approximately 5 to 8% dehydration, 5 to 10 seconds for approximately 8 to 10% dehydration, and 10 to 30 seconds for approximately 10 to 20% dehydration. Obese patients may have false turgor pressure because fat tends to allow the skin to fall back more quickly (McCurnin, 2014). There are three phases of fluid therapy. Resuscitation, replacement and maintenance. As the female feline does not show any signs of shock, the resuscitation phase is not necessary. We will begin fluid therapy from the replacement phase to treat dehydration. To calculate the fluid replacement rate, we will first determine the fluid deficit. This is calculated by multiplying the patient's body weight in kilograms by the estimated percentage of dehydration in decimal form. In the case of an 8 lb female cat that is 10% dehydrated, the weight of the cat in kilograms is 3.64 kg (8 lb divided by 2.2), which is then multiplied by 0.1 (10% expressed as decimal form). 3.64 kg x 0.1 equals a fluid deficit of 0.36 L (360 ml). To overcome the fluid deficit of 360 ml in 24 hours, the patient should receive 15 ml per hour (AAHA/AAFP 2013 guidelines). The next step is to determine any ongoing discharge (vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, etc.). As the cat does not exhibit any of these, ongoing loss is not a factor (loss from urination is factored into the final calculation). The final calculation is the maintenance rate. The formula for maintenance rate in cats is 80 x body weight (kg)^¾ per 24 hours. In this case, the maintenance flow is 211 mL/24 hours or 8.79 mL per hour. The fluid deficit is added to this amount, bringing the fluid flow to 23.8 ml per hour (AAHA/AAFP guidelines 2013). Once the hydration state is corrected, we can begin the maintenance phase of fluid therapy. This is determined by recalculating the maintenance rate (80 x body weight (kg)^¾). In this case, the maintenance flow rate is 211 mL/24 hours or 8.8 mL per hour. As the patient begins to show signs of recovery, this rate may slowly decrease. IV fluid therapy should be monitored closely and often. Skin turgor, mucous membranes and general appearance should be checked often to assess hydration status. THEPCV and body weight should also be checked often (AAHA/AAFP 2013 guidelines). It is important to carefully monitor patients undergoing fluid therapy, as it is possible that a patient may receive too much fluid. Excess fluid can cause volume overload, which can lead to pulmonary edema and cavity effusion. Respiratory rates, breathing patterns, and chest auscultation should be checked and performed often. If lung crackles are detected or respiratory rate increases, fluids should be stopped immediately and a veterinarian notified (McCurnin, 2014). There are two different forms of dental structures in animals, the brachyodont and the hypsodont. Dogs have brachydont teeth, meaning they have a small crown compared to the roots. The root apex is open during development. For this reason, teeth do not continue to grow after eruption. Horses have hypsodont teeth, meaning they have a large crown beneath the gum and root, which allows for constant growth throughout the animals' lives (McCurnin, 2014). Dental prophylaxis is carried out in dogs to clean the teeth by removing tartar, calculus (hardened plaque) and cleaning under the gums. It is also performed to evaluate extra-oral (external) and intra-oral (internal) structures. Thorough sedated dental exams and dental x-rays can detect problems and conditions that the owner may not have been aware of, such as unerupted teeth, retained baby teeth, broken teeth, oral fistulas , abscesses and cancer. It is important that canine patients receive dental prophylaxis at least once a year (in some cases twice a year). Dental prophylaxis should be carried out not only to examine the internal and external oral structures, but also to clean the teeth and eliminate bacteria. Bacteria can cause damage not only to the teeth and oral cavity, but systematically to the rest of the body and organs (Gorrel, 2014). Because horses have hypsodont teeth, their teeth grow and erupt throughout their lives. When this happens, sharp points form along the edges of the teeth. This condition makes feeding horses painful, causing them to abandon their food. When this happens, they can lose weight and get sick. This is why horses, just like dogs, need dental care at least once a day (in some cases twice a year). Dental prophylaxis in equine patients is called a floater. A float is basically when the vet files down the sharp points and edges of the teeth. By smoothing the surface of the teeth, horses can eat without pain. Other benefits of annual dental prophylaxis are checking for abnormalities and conditions, such as retained baby teeth, broken teeth, jaw abnormalities, abscesses, cancers, and infections (McCurnin, 2014). There are major differences between how dental prophylaxis is performed in dogs. and equine patients. In canines, teeth are cleaned by scaling, either with an ultrasonic scaler or with manual scaling. This process removes tartar and tartar from the tooth surface and cleans below the gum line. The gums are also probed for pockets. The gum pockets are cleaned with a curette (unless the pocket is so deep that it requires alternative treatment or extraction), which removes tartar and bacteria. Once the teeth have been cleaned and, 2014.