Microbiome management is of critical importance due to its ability to perform fundamental functions in waste treatment processes. Since microorganisms are paramount to waste treatment facilities, understanding the functions of the microbiome is of great importance to develop a suitable environment for effective product recovery (Foo, Ling, Lee, & Chang, 2017 ; Oleskowicz-Popiel, 2018). In line with this goal, waste treatment technologies should be studied through interactions with microbial communities. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why violent video games should not be banned"?Get the original essayTo date, many existing and new techniques have been used to elucidate interactions within microbial communities (De los Reyes, Weaver and Wang, 2015, Rivera-Pinto et al., 2018). Here/In this section we will review the technologies used for the analysis of community structure and microbial activity. We will then discuss microbiome detection and monitoring analyses. Conventional analysis of the microbiome begins with the isolation of molecules such as DNA or RNA (Koch, Müller, Harms, & Harnisch, 2014). Then the fingerprinting techniques, DGGE (Denaturating Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), TGGE (Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism), T-RFLP (Fragment Length Polymorphism of terminal restriction) practiced on the basis of research of interest (Koch et al., 2014; Vanwonterghem, Jensen, Ho, Batstone and Tyson, 2014). The DGGE technique is used to detect community changes. Recently, the DGGE fingerprinting method has been used to analyze the microbial consortium in anaerobic glycerol digestion and to characterize the microbial community dynamics involved in biogas production (Lim, Ge, & Tong, 2018; Vásquez & Nakasaki , 2018). The SSCP technique detects subtle mutations and is widely used to distinguish different genomic variants in microbial communities. Fingerprinting techniques allow us to understand the metabolic capacity of the microbiome, but do not allow us to know the main activities of the microorganisms. They must be combined with additional analyses. The only approach to further confirm fingerprints benefits from marker gene analyses. To identify the phylogeny of the microbial community, two well-known marker genes, 16s rRNA (prokaryotes) and 18s rRNA (eukaryotes), were capitalized for microbiome analyzes in waste treatment technologies (de Jonge, Moset, Mller and Nielsen, 2017; Guermazi-Toumi, Chouari, & Sghir, 2018, Zhao et al., 2018). Besides 16s rRNA and 18s rRNA, recent studies have shown that new marker genes can be developed to identify a particular microorganism. Keep in mind: this is just a sample. Get a personalized article from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Assay In one study, hgcA and 16s rRNA genes were exploited as a marker to detect Geobacterracca sp. which plays a role in the mercury methylation pathway in discharges from waste treatment plants (Bravo et al., 2018). Another study carried out by Ahmed et al. reported that a novel marker gene, crAssphage, can be used to manage wastewater pollution (Ahmed, Payyappat, Cassidy, Besley, & Power, 2018). As in the case of the mentioned studies, current technologies could also be further developed by developing marker genes to use them..