“Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; this is the philosophy of this science. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Behaviorism emerged in the early 20th century and became a driving force in American psychology. This school of psychology has been championed by psychologists such as John B. Watson and JF Skinner. Behaviorism's predecessor, functionalism, expressed disapproval of introspection, which paved the way for behaviorism. “Behaviorism rejected any reference to the mind and considered overt, observable behavior to be the true subject of psychology.” Behaviorism completely excludes all internal processes and does not consider them relevant in the attempt to better understand human actions. Today, this exclusion of internal events from understanding behavior seems absurd. In modern psychology, what goes on in a person's head is considered just as important, if not more so, than their behavior. Internal processes can be seen as the driving forces of human behavior. However, at this time many graduate students found Watson's proposals attractive because they felt that he solved some of the mysteries of psychology inherited from philosophy. This is why behaviorism was so successful and, as a result, became a driving force in American psychology. Behaviorists proposed that behavior is the result of environmental factors and, no matter how complex the behavior, it is always a response to a simple external stimulus. They believed that any type of behavior is a direct result of experience. Animal psychology can be considered the most important antecedent of behaviorism, because behaviorism arose from the studies carried out on animal behavior. Ivan Pavlov greatly influenced the development of behavior through his experiments on dogs. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist widely known for developing the concept of the conditioned reflex. Classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning) is often described as "the transfer of the response-eliciting property of a biologically significant stimulus to a new stimulus without this property." This essentially means that two stimuli are linked together to create a new learned response in an animal or person. The first step of classical conditioning occurs before conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response. This means that an external stimulus has produced an unlearned response in an organism. This first step also involves a neutral stimulus. This stimulus does not produce a response until it is associated with an unconditioned stimulus. In the second stage of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, which creates a conditioned stimulus. During the third stage, the conditioned stimulus was paired with the unconditioned stimulus, in turn creating a conditioned response. Through this learning method, we learn to associate factors in our environment with certain reactions and consequences. This may explain why children hate the sound of the school bell and why people who have once been stuck in an elevator may refuse to ride in one again. Behaviorists believed that this process of classical conditioning was capable of explaining human psychology. Operant conditioning, as opposed to classical conditioning,is a learning situation in which behavior is emitted by an organism rather than by a stimulus. Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning because it occurs without any external environmental stimuli. In operant conditioning, learners are rewarded and incentivized and must actively participate, unlike classical conditioning in which the learner is passive to the experience. “Through operant conditioning, an individual realizes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence.” Watson insisted that only the most objective methods of investigation should be used. He believed that these were: 1. Observations with and without the use of instruments, 2. Test methods, 3. The verbal report method (which can be considered a type of introspection), and 4 . Conditioned reflex methods. He supported the idea that researchers in this field should only use data from the natural sciences and that the results of experiments were samples of behavior, they did not indicate any internal mental processes. BF Skinner expanded on Watson's work. He agreed with Watson in that internal processes could not explain behavior, but he believed that they should be explained in the analysis of behavior. Skinner believes that organisms are born with inherent behaviors and traits, thus recognizing the biological element of behavior. Behaviorism contributed both classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) and operant conditioning to modern psychology, both of which are still widely used today. Operant conditioning can be used in a classroom in which the teacher punishes those who have not done their homework. This encourages other students to do their own homework. This supports Skinner's view that punishment weakens behavior. Although behaviorism has undoubtedly contributed to modern psychology, it is not free from criticism. Many critics of this school of psychology argue that it is a one-dimensional approach and that while it can be useful in understanding behavior, it cannot do so effectively if done without taking into account from other schools. Critics of behaviorism suggest that behavioral theories fail to account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, and feelings. In my opinion, completely ignoring any internal process in behavior analysis is arguably excluding the most important factor in explaining behavior. complex cognitive processes such as thinking, problem solving, language, concept formation, and information processing. This period has come to be known as the cognitive revolution. Cognitivism is, in essence, a direct response to and rejection of the ideas expounded in behaviorism. Although these two schools of thought are fundamentally very different, they both share the belief that learning should be objective. Cognitivism believes that an individual's behavior is much more than a simple response to an external stimulus. They believe that by observing an individual's behavior you can learn much more about the internal mental processes occurring in a person's mind that may have caused them to react to the stimulus in the same way . Cognitive psychologists believe that a mental process occurs between observing an external stimulus and responding to that stimulus. This process can be either memory, perception, attention or problem solving. Due to technological advancements after World War II,two digital computers were developed. As a result, psychologists began to compare the intelligence of humans with that of computers. Cognitivism has used much of the terminology originally used to describe computing processes, in order to more deeply analyze the human mind. Terms such as "information processing" have become widely known in the field of cognitivism. The comparison between the way the human mind processes information and the way a computer does the same thing has become known as the computer analogy. Roger Brown and George Miller were the leading forces in American cognitive psychology. Brown conducted original research on language and memory, coined the term "flash memory" and figured out how to study the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. Flash memory I a very detailed vision of the moment you heard the shocking news. An example of this is that many people remember exactly what circumstances they were in and what exactly they were doing on 9/11. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon occurs when you can't remember something but feel like you're about to remember it. Brown said that when people experienced the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, they knew what the first letter of the word they were trying to remember was and sometimes they even knew how many syllables that word had. This concludes that the tip of the tongue phenomenon derives from your actual memory and not a simple illusion. Miller’s “The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two”; Some Limits to Our Ability to Process Information,” is one of the best-known articles in psychology. Miller was an American psychologist who pioneered the development of cognitivism. Miller’s work in “The Magic Number Seven…” concerns our memory. Memory span refers to our ability to recall a list of items. Miller found that young people's memory span was seven times greater. He concluded that memory span is not limited in terms of the amount of information we can remember, but rather in terms of "chunks." Fragments are the largest pieces of a unit of information that a person recognizes. The knowledge of the test taker determines the size of the piece. Cognitivism has undeniably made a major contribution to modern psychology, even more than behaviorism. Nobel Prize-winning scientist Roger Sperry said that, compared to the behaviorist and psychoanalytic revolutions in psychology, the cognitive revolution constitutes “the most radical turnaround; the most revisionist and transformative”. However, cognitivism has certain limitations. For example, cognitivism has been criticized for focusing too narrowly on mental processes, just as behaviorism focuses too little on these internal processes. Due to the computer analogy, researchers focus too much on information processing and do not pay enough attention to the more emotional aspects that also affect thinking. Another problem with the computer analogy is that, although there are similarities between the way humans process their behavior and that of computers, the two are fundamentally separate entities. Integrated cognition, which is an extension of cognitivism, posits that there are physical aspects of cognition revealed in brain activity. This means that we need to analyze behavior in relation to the environment, and then in relation to the brain's internal processes, in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of human beings and their.