Since James Liang and Volkswagen deceived the public by cheating on US emissions tests, his actions would be considered morally incorrect by Kant. This can be seen when a maxim is formulated and tested against the categorical imperative. A potential maxim for this case is "I should never defraud people by allowing my company to cheat on emissions tests." We could then compare this maxim to Kant's imperative and categorical formulation of universality. When put to the test of universality, a universal law is developed from this maxim that everyone will follow. For example, “Lies and deception are never allowed.” This results in a perfect duty, because we cannot imagine a world in which everyone lies to each other all the time. According to the Categorical Imperative, James Liang was morally obligated to stop Volkswagen from cheating on the emissions test and he did so.