Technical PropertiesThe MMPI-2-RF Normal Sample is the same sample used to standardize the MMPI-2, minus the emphasis on gender; no new standards have been collected for the MMPI-2-RF. The non-gendered normative sample of the MMPI-2-RF is composed of 1,138 men and 1,138 women from the normative sample of the MMPI-2. Analysis of T scores based on gender and gender-neutral norms showed no advantage or disadvantage for either sex. Mean T scores for men and women were approximately 50, with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, there was no significant clinical difference between sexes. The normative sample consisted of individuals aged 18 to 80 years, all from different regions and communities in the United States. The representation of ethnic groups is slightly asymmetrical; Caucasians are overrepresented and Asians and Hispanics are underrepresented. MMPI-2-RF scores are not K-corrected due to massive data showing that K-correction does not benefit and sometimes weakens the distinction between the standard group and tested individuals (Porath, 2012). Interpretation of the MMPI -2-RF included a large amount of information on the MMPI-2-RF reliability data. For example, scores on the Somatic/Cognitive Scales, Internalizing Specific Problems Scales, Externalizing Specific Problems Scales, and Interpersonal Scales, among others, were reliable based on test-retest correlations and estimates internal consistency in clinical studies. The empirical data offered by the technical manual show strong and distinctive correlational results, as well as consistent measures of the constructs targeted by the scales. These results provide strong evidence supporting the construct validity and reliability of the 51 scales found in the MMPI-2......middle of article......12). Interpretation of the MMPI-2-RF. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Rogers, R., Gillard, ND, Berry, DTR and Granacher Jr, RP (2011). Effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF validity scales for malingering mental disorders and cognitive impairment: a known groups study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(3), 355-367. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9222-0Sellbom, M., Bagby, R. M., Kushner, S., Quilty, L. C., & Ayearst, L. E. (2012). Diagnostic construct validity of MMPI-2 Restructured Form Scale (MMPI-2-RF) scores. Evaluation,19(2), 176-186. doi:10.1177/1073191111428763Sellbom, M., Toomey, JA, Wygant, DB, Kucharski, LT, & Duncan, S. (2010). Utility of MMPI-2-RF validity scales (restructured form) for detecting malingering in a criminal forensic context: a known groups design. Psychological Assessment,22(1), 22-31. doi:10.1037/a0018222