Table of contentsBirth orderSelf-esteemPrevious research results1. Sharon Johnson (March 2014)2. Dr. Veena Dani and Ms. Urvashi Dutta (December 2008) Methodology1. Participants2. Selection Process / Sampling Method3. Materials and instruments4. ProcedureReferencesThis study aims to determine whether birth order has an influence on the level of self-esteem. A Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale questionnaire was given to each potential participant (n = 30) who consented to provide their information for research purposes with assured anonymity in which their identity was protected. The purpose of this closed questionnaire is to determine the participant's self-esteem scores which range from 0 being the lowest to 30 being the highest. The higher the scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the higher the participant's self-esteem. The results obtained in this study imply that the last born showed significantly higher mean self-esteem scores than the second and first born, showing that the last born have the highest self-esteem by compared to their brothers and sisters, with the lowest self-esteem. self-esteem arises in firstborns. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why violent video games should not be banned"? Get the original essay The first person to propose using birth order as a consistent research variable in history was Alfred Adler in 1918. Adler was known for using birth order as a variable in his work while combining it with other subject information to assess the lifestyle of the population. Adler's work led to much more research into the concept of birth order, as it was a controversial idea in the social science literature at that time, sparking much debate and discussion regarding the the idea of ​​birth order (Eckstein et al, 2010). Self-esteem, on the other hand, was first addressed by William James, who suggested that self-esteem can be measured by determining a person's goals and objectives (James, W., 1890 ). Self-esteem originally equates to being successful in life and feeling good in this life. But recently, it has been interpreted as feeling good about oneself. The need for self-esteem plays a crucial role in American psychologist Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which emphasizes that self-esteem is one of the fundamental human motivations. Birth Order As mentioned earlier, Alfred Adler was the first to address the concept of birth. order as a search variable. Alder believed that birth order could contribute to underlying developmental issues that led to different behaviors and character traits in an individual. Shulman and Mosak (1977) expressed a total of two definitions of birth order, one of which referred to birth order as the actual birth order of siblings (Shulman and Mosak, 1977). Adler attaches particular importance to the psychological positioning of the child. He emphasizes that it is not the child's order of birth that influences his character, but rather the situation he is born into and how he then interprets the situation. Several studies have shown that the parent-child relationship is one of the most significant indicators of self-esteem (Parker & Benson, 2004). One such study is that of Parker and Benson (2004), which suggests that perceptions of closeness to parents are positively correlated with adolescents' self-esteem. 1993). All details or data obtained about oneself are linkedbetween them in the conception of self (Dutta, Urvashi, 2008). Simply put, self-esteem can be defined as an individual's personal perception of their own worth. Many factors can affect a person's self-esteem (Dutta, Urvashi, 2008). Individuals tend to place different values ​​on different aspects: their physical appearance, their achievements, their public approval, their strengths and weaknesses, their goals in life and in their relationships with others (Dutta, Urvashi, 2008). This leads to the fact that an individual will be more likely to have higher self-esteem if they feel attractive, achieve their goals and have good relationships with others. (Dutta, Urvashi, 2008) On the other hand, those who fail to achieve aspects that are perceived as important to them may suffer from low self-esteem (Dutta, Urvashi, 2008). It has often been expressed that self-esteem enables an individual to cope with the problems he or she faces in life (Dutta, Urvashi, 2008). Self-esteem helps an individual view disappointments and failures in life from a skill-building perspective, which in turn helps one to deal with problems effectively (Dutta, Urvashi, 2008).Research Findings previous1. Sharon Johnson (March 2014)An extensive study was carried out by Sharon Johnson in March 2014. One of the aims of the research carried out by Sharon Johnson was to examine and research whether there is a significant correlation between birth order and self-esteem. 200 participants voluntarily completed the questionnaire and consisted of both men (n = 47) and women (n = 153). To be eligible, participants had to be over 18 years old, from a two-parent family environment aged 0 to 12, have siblings, it was also necessary that there be an age gap between siblings between 18 months and 5 years old and minimum requirement of a high school diploma. Participants were divided into two age groups: 18-40 years (n = 132) and over 40 years (n = 68). The researcher used a total of three (3) materials and instruments as method. to carry out the study. Among them are: the Big Five Inventory Scale (Goldberg, 1993), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and the Life Satisfaction Scale (Diener, Emmons , Larsen and Griffin, 1985). The results revealed that birth order categories showed no significant differences in self-esteem. First-born participants were shown to have the highest level of self-esteem (M = 21.86, SD = 4.21) compared to second-born (M = 20.48, SD = 4.17) and to the last born (M = 21.00, SD = 4.54). ).2. Dr. Veena Dani and Ms. Urvashi Dutta (December 2008) Another research was carried out by Dr. Veena Dani and Ms. Urvashi Dutta in December 2008. One of the objectives of the study was to study the effect of ordinal position of birth. in terms of self-esteem. The research only looked at the firstborn and secondborn. It was conducted with a total of 93 participants, men (n = 49) and women (n = 44), with an average age gap of 12.6 years. The methods used to study the objective of the study with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965). The results revealed that the average self-esteem score of the first and second born is 20.89 and 22.09, respectively. The average difference between the two groups is 1.2. The calculated “t” value was 1.69, which is insignificant at the 0.05 level of significance, showing that there were no significant differences in the level of self-esteem between the first and the second child. However, by examining the average scores of the level of self-esteem, it is demonstrated that the secondchild has higher self-esteem than the firstborn. The aim of this research is to study the influence of birth order on self-esteem. The objective of this ongoing research is to assess the self-esteem of each birth order category which includes first born, second born and last born. We also assess whether there is a significant difference in self-esteem levels between birth order groups using the mean scores on the self-esteem level of each birth order category. The hypothesis of this research is that firstborns will have a higher level of self-esteem than the rest of the birth order categories, namely the secondborn and the lastborn. The mentioned model shouldbe seen in the research.Methodology1. ParticipantsA total of 30 participants completed the questionnaire voluntarily. Both male and female participants were recruited in this research. The participants came from different families and there were a total of 19 men and 11 women. The ratio between the two groups is 1.9:1.1. They were all over 18 years old when they participated in this research. They were separated into 2 age groups, namely 18-28 years old (n=25) and those over 29 years old (n=5). Each of the participants had to sign a consent form which also informed them of what they were involved in in the research before answering the questionnaire. Each of them also had the right to withdraw from the research.2. Selection Process/Sampling Method The sampling method used in this survey was a convenience sampling method. The method is non-probability sampling in which participants were selected from a part of the population that is easy to approach and recruit, such as friends. The recruited participants were mostly from Sunway College and Sunway University. Therefore, the results collected were from a nearby source and hence considered as a convenience sampling method.3. Materials and instrumentsThe name of the questionnaire given to the participants is entitled “The influence of birth order on self-esteem”. The name of the speaker is Ms. Saranya. The information letter and consent form contained a few elements which constitute the objective of the research, the title of the investigation and the consent requested. The questionnaire included 10 questions about participants' general feelings about themselves. Response options are “Strongly Agree,” “Agree,” “Disagree,” and “Strongly Disagree.” For items: 1, 3, 4, 7 and 10, participants will receive points based on their response to each question, in which "Strongly disagree" receives 0 points, "Disagree" 1 point, "Agree » 2 points, and “Strongly agree” 3 points. For items: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, participants receive 3 points for “Strongly Disagree”, 2 points for “Disagree”, 1 point for “Agree” and 0 points for “All totally agree." The scale used was the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). It was designed similarly to the social survey questionnaires developed by sociologist Dr. Morris Rosenberg. This is a ten-item Likert-type scale, with responses on a four-point scale, ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Five of the items contain positively worded statements and five negatively worded statements. An example of a positively worded statement is presented in question 4 “I am able to do things as well as most other people” compared to question 2 “Sometimes I think I am not good at all”. The scale measures the participant's level of self-esteem in himasking him to think about how he currently feels about himself. It uses a scale of 0 to 30 in which the individual has higher self-esteem if they obtain a higher score on the test. This test is considered a reliable and valid quantitative tool for assessing the level of self-esteem. Indeed, there is concurrent validity in which scores on this measure are correlated with the RSES measure which reflects the same construct. There is also split-half reliability because the scores on half of the measure are correlated with the score on the other half of the measure.4. ProcedureThe questionnaires were distributed in February 2019. The participation time was approximately 5 to 10 minutes. In the information letter, it was explained that participants had to provide socio-demographic details such as their gender and age and that they had to identify whether they were the first born, second born or last born of the family. answer all questions honestly and can withdraw from this survey at any time. Personal information such as name, telephone number and address of participants was not requested to ensure anonymity. In the results, numbers from 1 to 30 were used to identify each participant rather than their name. The collected data was then compiled into an Excel spreadsheet. The results of the self-esteem scores were calculated by adding all the scores of the responses obtained from the questionnaires. The data was uploaded to a Google Doc and stored securely in a protected folder. The results show that the average self-esteem score of the first, second and last groups is 13.7, 18.6 and 18.8, respectively. Therefore, looking at the average self-esteem scores, the last born children have the highest self-esteem compared to the first and second born children. The aim of this research was to find the effects of birth order on oneself. -estimated. The hypothesis that participants' first-born children will be more likely to score higher on the self-esteem test than second- and last-born children is not supported by the results. Indeed, the results obtained in the study affirm that first-born children have the lowest average scores in terms of self-esteem compared to second and last-born children. Some sources of error need to be corrected for future research. this study. The participants recruited for this study were unequal with respect to the gender of each participant, with 11 of the participants being female while 19 participants were male. Possible improvements that could be made to this issue are to ensure that participants recruited are equal for each gender. Apart from this, the research also uses the convenience sampling method while recruiting participants. This is a problem because the data may have sampling bias, making it impossible to generalize to the population. To overcome this source of error, research could use a new sampling method such as one of the random sampling methods, which chooses its participants at random to ensure that there is no bias. sampling. Finally, the participants are also unequal in terms of taking into account the age groups of the participants. The study only allows adult participants aged 18 and over to participate, separating those aged 18-28 to 29 and over into two different age range groups. These results only included 5 participants aged 29 and over, but the remaining 25 participants were aged 18 to 28. As the age of the participants was not specified, an age gap of 10 years in the results may occur. This problem could be.,.