Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a condition in which liquid contents of the stomach flow up or back into the esophagus. This liquid usually contains pepsin, an enzyme that triggers the digestion of proteins in the stomach, as well as acid that is also produced in the stomach. The fluid may also contain bile from the stomach. Regurgitated fluid can eventually inflame and damage the lining of the esophagus in severe cases. The acid contained in the liquid is the most dangerous component. Bile and pepsin also play a role in esophageal damage, but not as large a role. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayIn normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and firm to prevent food and acidic gastric juices. to flow back into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the LES is low or relaxes inappropriately, allowing stomach contents to flow back up into the esophagus. A hiatal hernia can weaken the LES and increase the risk of gastroesophageal reflux. Hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach rises into the chest through a small opening in the diaphragm (diaphragmatic hiatus). The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest. Recent studies show that the opening of the diaphragm helps support the lower end of the esophagus. Many people with a hiatal hernia will not have problems with heartburn or reflux. But a hiatal hernia can allow stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus more easily. Coughing, vomiting, straining, or sudden physical exertion can cause increased pressure in the abdomen, leading to a hiatal hernia. Obesity and pregnancy also contribute to this condition. Many otherwise healthy people aged 50 and over suffer from a small hiatal hernia. Although considered a middle-aged condition, hiatal hernias affect people of all ages. Typical or common symptoms of GERD include: heartburn, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, regurgitation, gas and bloating, chest pain or discomfort, intolerance to certain foods. and fluids, bad breath or sour taste in the mouth. Lifestyle recommendations and dietary changes are necessary for most people who need treatment for GERD. Treatment aims to decrease the amount of reflux or reduce damage to the lining of the esophagus from refluxed materials. It is often recommended to avoid foods and drinks that can weaken the LES. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, coffee, and alcoholic beverages. Foods and drinks that can irritate a damaged esophageal lining, such as citrus fruits and juices, tomato products, and pepper, should also be avoided if they cause symptoms. The healthcare provider may suggest antacids for occasional heartburn. Sometimes stronger medications such as H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors may be needed, especially if symptoms persist. Prescription and over-the-counter choices are available. Rarely, surgery is recommended to prevent reflux and heartburn. The main goal of treatment is to identify the cause of heartburn in order to..