Table of ContentsWilsonism and the Legacy of Woodrow WilsonRoosevelt's Major Contribution to Building American Foreign Policy InstitutionsThe Truman Revolution in Politics foreignWilsonism and the legacy of Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States of America, serving from 1913 to 1921. His thinking was based on three main concepts: Foreign policy should serve broad human concerns rather than national interests selfish, the goal was to reshape a world city through war by confronting revolutions. (in Mexico and Russia) and the United States should have a say in the peace process (liberal peace agenda). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay One of the most important aspects of his foreign policy was the aggressive moral diplomacy he used against Mexico. Subsequently, he called for Americans to remain completely neutral during World War I, but after a few American ships were sunk and the open arrival of Zimmermann's telegram offended Americans, Wilson asked Congress to proclaim the war with Germany. Wilson had proposed a military preparedness program as early as 1915. This helped the U.S. Navy act quickly to help the British Army annihilate the danger posed by German U-boats sent by the Allies in late 1917. However, the The most notable involvement in political foreign policy is the creation of the "Fourteen Points". Having succeeded in the war, Wilson would have liked to reform the management of global corporations at the peace table. He initially illustrated his vision in the "Fourteen Points" speech delivered to Congress on January 8, 1918. This required a "new diplomacy" including "open alliances openly made." Secret deals, similar to those that had dragged the world into war in 1914, would never again be tolerated, and all regions involved in the war were to be cleared. Wilson was to dismantle this majestic demand by opening the border possessions to inevitable self-management and each European zone of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian domains to rapid autonomy. He further proposed general demilitarization after the war, with the Germans and Austrians first surrendering their military. Reasonable treatment of progressive Russia, he announced, would be the “litmus test” of harmony. Different objectives included the coherent exploitation of the oceans and the organization of trade throughout the world. But Wilson's most important proposal was the prevention of future wars by means of a new international organization, a league of nations, open to membership by all democratic states. This new global body would be responsible for disarmament and the dismantling of colonial possessions. Most importantly, the League would have power over all disputes among its members. Wilson believed that this League would transform international relations and usher in a new era of world peace. In conclusion, he is one of the most important presidents in the history of the United States who reformed the ideology of his time from a traditional American unilateral vision to a universalist vision – the interests of all nations are also ours. Roosevelt's major contribution and the building of American foreign policy institutions During his first six years in office, Franklin Roosevelt invested much of his energy in trying to get the United States out ofthe Great Depression. Nevertheless, the president surely did not neglect America's distant approach when he crafted the New Deal. Unlike President Hoover, who believed that the Great Depression was the result of world conditions, Roosevelt believed that the country's financial problems were largely domestic in origin. During this early period of his organization, Roosevelt achieved his greatest achievement in foreign arrangements through his "good neighborliness" strategy toward Latin America and the countries of the Western Hemisphere. In fact, Hoover initiated the “Good Neighbor” activity and Roosevelt simply continued the path of his predecessor. Roosevelt was to curb Japan's development in Asia by supporting China, despite the fact that this strategy had strict breaking points. Hitler began his ruinous triumph of Europe in 1936, taking his troops into the Rhineland, neutral ground that bordered France, Belgium and Germany. Roosevelt's feelings were clearly on the side of the British and French, but he was hamstrung by the neutrality laws and a strong independent coalition on American government issues. Roosevelt's initiative during this period was vital, although it was far from perfect. He and British Chief Administrator Winston Churchill formed a successful group and jointly proclaimed their countries' war aims, called the "Atlantic Charter", in August 1941. The enormous difficulties that Roosevelt considered in the European conflict have been intensified by the decline of the European conflict. situation in Asia, and in particular by the slowdown in American-Japanese relations. With the onset of World War II, foreign policymaking became more complex – and even messier. To meet the growing demands of a host of new global diplomatic and military problems, FDR created an enormous foreign policy bureaucracy that would become a permanent fixture of American life. Even before Pearl Harbor, he concluded that the State Department could not cope with the demands of all-out war. So, as with the New Deal domestic programs, he created “alphabet soup” emergency agencies. Some of them were given deceptively innocent names, perhaps reflecting the nation's continued innocence, rather to obscure their purpose. An Office of Facts and Figures, later the Office of War Information (OWI), was responsible for propaganda at home and abroad; The Coordinator of Information, precursor of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) - then the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - was the first independent intelligence agency of the United States. These new agencies took on a variety of wartime tasks: the OWI censored the press and produced posters, magazines, comic books, films, and cartoons to undermine enemy morale and sell the war and its objectives. of American war to allies and neutrals; The Office of Lend-Lease Administration (OLLA) managed this essential wartime foreign aid program; Wallace's Board of Economic Warfare (BEW) made preemptive purchases to keep vital raw materials out of enemy hands and manipulated trade to promote the war effort. In conclusion, Roosevelt strongly believed in the superiority of American values ​​and institutions. It is also certain that post-war peace and stability depend on the extension of these principles throughout the world and that other peoples would accept them if given the opportunity. According to him, the New Deal paved the way for the future and he saw in the war an opportunity topromote global reform in this direction. He saw better than Wilson the limits of American power; he intuitively understood that diplomatic problems were not always susceptible to neat solutions leading to the idea of ​​pragmatic idealism. He moved his country away from its unilateral tradition and towards international cooperation. However, unlike his mentor, who had insisted that the United States fought as an "associated" power, Roosevelt assumed leadership of the United Nations. The Truman Revolution in Foreign PolicyPresident Harry S. Truman braved exceptional challenges facing global business during his nearly eight years in office. Truman guided the United States through the end of World War II, the start of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the development of the nuclear age. Truman mediated with American troops in the conflict between North and South Korea and supported the production of Israel's Middle East province. Overall, Truman's foreign strategy established some of the essential norms and duties that marked America's long-distance approach for the remainder of the 20th century. Truman acquired Roosevelt's national security group, but he would change it – in terms of personnel and association – during his administration. Truman also reorganized the entire machinery of the nation's military and national security with the enactment of the National Security Act in 1947. This act had three basic objectives. It brought together the Army, Navy and Air Force under a National Military Establishment (NME) headed by an ordinary citizen, the Secretary of Defense. In response to the turmoil that was the new world "order" and the perceived global threat from the Soviet Union. , the Truman administration, between 1945 and 1953, upended traditional assumptions of American foreign policy. Unilateralism has given way to multilateralism. Through its policy of containment, the Truman administration made a multitude of international commitments, launched numerous programs, and implemented a peacetime military buildup that would have been unthinkable a decade earlier. The era of American globalism was upon us. Policymaking changed dramatically under Truman's very different leadership style: Truman saw a complex world in black and white terms. He shared the parochialism of most Americans of his generation, viewed people, races, and nations through the crudest stereotypes, and sometimes used ethnic slurs. He assumed that the American way was the right way and that peace should be based on American principles. He preferred direct words to the silky tones of diplomacy. He was decisive, but this could also reflect his lack of experience and sometimes his deep insecurity. One of the most important policies developed by him was the Truman Doctrine which meant "that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations threatened by external or internal authoritarian forces." Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States plunged into the Greek Civil War, the first in a long series of such incursions. It was a particularly savage conflict, with atrocities on both sides. The United States focused solely on military success and did little to resolve the problems that caused the rebellion. American aid undoubtedly played an important role in the government's survival and may have deterred further Soviet involvement. The crucial factor in the result was the..