BackgroundThere is no doubt that some of the most crucial transformations in the synthesis of organic chemistry are those that create new carbon-carbon bonds. These new bond-forming reactions produce many significant molecules ranging from very simple compounds to very complex systems such as polymers, materials, drugs, etc. 1,2 In recent decades, metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have been widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds. materials. They are the most common method of choice for carbon-carbon bond formation due to their significant advantages over other methods. This method has been optimized and perfected over decades to produce effective and reliable compounds, even using gentle protocols. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay. Some examples of the most well-known and used methods include the Heck, Kumada, Stille, and Suzuki coupling reactions. 2Before the development of these methods, the Ullman reaction was the most popular method for producing biaryls. This reaction involves the coupling of aryl halides using finely divided copper. Although this reaction is not widely used today, it is still useful and rarely used for specific synthesis. The reason why this reaction has lost popularity is more than obvious; Better approaches were discovered over time, comparing the limitations of the Ullman reaction with the newer reactions meant that this old method remained almost forgotten. This reaction requires considerably high temperatures (up to 200 °C), which limits the use of thermally sensitive substrates. Additionally, this reaction requires very large quantities of copper (stoichiometric quantities), resulting in a huge amount of metal waste. It causes significant damage to the environment over time and its production is economically unfavorable. So, being aware of the negative effects that this specific reaction causes, it was necessary to find a better method to produce the carbon-carbon bonds. Given its wide popularity and extensive use in academia and industry, it can be argued that these needs have been best met by the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Researchers have focused on this reaction over the past few decades and have published numerous papers on this specific reaction. Since its discovery, this reaction has become the method of choice for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds in many synthetic strategies. First Suzuki Cross-Coupling ReactionsThe first successful Suzuki cross-coupling reaction was used by Suzuki and co-workers in 1979. Their reaction protocol coupled alkenylboranes with alkenyl halides or alkynyl halides using an au palladium and in the presence of a base to give conjugated dienes. or enynes. Although the reaction initially involved alkenyl and alkynyl reagents, Suzuki quickly expanded its scope to include the coupling of carbons into aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl groups under different conditions. The first method for preparing biaryls was reported by Suzuki and Miyaura in 1981 and used the conditions given below: The reaction was carried out using aqueous Na2CO3 as the base (homogeneous conditions). The reaction was also tested under conditionsheterogeneous and good yields were found. However, too many bases have been tested for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, for example; K3PO4, Tl2CO3, CsCo3 and K2CO3, all gave the expected product with good yields. Other bases such as Ba(OH)2, NaOH, and TlOH performed better for more difficult (sterically hindered) biaryl cross-coupling reactions. Furthermore, other bases such as Bu4NF38, KF and CsF were used under milder conditions and synthesized biaryls containing base-sensitive functional groups.Advantages of the Suzuki cross-coupling reactionthe discovery of the coupling reaction of Suzuki has had a great impact on academic research and industry, as well as production. Over the past decades, it has undoubtedly become one of the most popular and preferred methods for the production of substituted biaryl or aromatic moieties. Over the past few decades, it has become clear that Suzuki cross-coupling has many advantages over other protocols. A summary of these advantages is presented as follows: The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction generally produces very high yields and good selectivity when the right conditions are applied. to substrates. Suzuki works very well with symmetric or asymmetric reactions. The reaction demonstrates a high tolerance for different functional groups, whether on the organometallic partner or in the electrophile. The protocol being very flexible is a huge advantage as it demonstrates many synthesis routes and very high yields. A significant advantage is that the organoboron reagent (boronic acid) is thermally stable and inert to oxygen and water, which allows working with this reagent without precautions. Raw materials (esters and boronic acids) are available in commercial and inexpensive. The raw materials are non-toxic, which means that they pose no danger to the environment or humans. Additionally, the inorganic byproduct formed during the reaction is non-toxic and can be removed from the reaction very easily. The reaction is usually carried out at room temperature, demonstrating green chemistry. Water can be used as a solvent, but it is not. This does not affect the reaction of the substrates. This reaction requires very small amounts of catalyst with or without a ligand (palladium) to carry out the reaction efficiently. Heterogeneous catalysts are easily removed from the mixture and can be recycled for later. Limitations of Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction Although Suzuki coupling reactions bring many advantages to organic synthesis, the protocol has some unfavorable aspects: Some mixtures such as boroxins can be difficult to remove from raw materials (boronic acids), which which makes their purification difficult. Boroxins are not involved in the model of the coupling mechanism but they make stoichiometric calculations difficult to carry out. The heterogeneous coupling product may be contaminated with another coupled reagent containing the aryl group from the phosphine ligand (ligand scrambling). Secondary deboronation reaction, either hydrolytic or protolytic, can be encountered, this is the case for highly hindered substrates. Reagents presenting a very high degree of steric hindrance (bearing three or four ortho substituents) are difficult to couple even if much progress has been made in recent years. After analyzing the previously mentioned benefits, one can easily conclude that the benefits brought about by this reaction far exceed the limits. It is therefore not surprising to find that Suzuki's cross-coupling reaction has.