First QuestionTo understand the logic behind Plato's tripartite theory, it is important to recognize that his theory only makes comparisons between the functioning of societies and the functioning of human beings. What Plato is discussing with this theory is how a just society would function versus how a just person would function. He explains that just as society is divided into different institutions, such as the ruling class and the working class, the human being is also divided into different institutions. Plato describes this tripartite separation using an allegory of a charioteer leading two horses. The charioteer represents the rational part of the soul. The filthy black horse represents the appetitive part of the soul and the noble, white horse next to it signifies the spirited part of the soul. This white horse exhibits characteristics such as love, modesty and restraint. In contrast, the black horse exhibits characteristics such as insolence and pride. While the driver of the chariot holds the reins, he is defeated by the black horse and the white horse who try to push him in different directions. The white horse strives to control its counterpart but, as Plato describes in Phaedrus, the black horse that moves toward the desires of the individual is the one that ultimately takes control. Second QuestionOne of the main arguments against the theory of dualism concerns causal interaction. Descartes states that the point of causal interaction is in the pineal gland, located between the two hemispheres of the brain. According to Descartes, fine particles of matter, called animal spirits, circulate under the pineal gland. These animal spirits then imprint an image on the pineal gland. In the middle of the document... the words, multiple realizability and the spinning machine focus on the idea of ​​taking various different mental and physical stimuli into account and putting them into a state that other physical types, such as like animals and computers, can understand and imitate. Works Cited Bickle, J. (July 27, 2007). Multiple realizability. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple-realizability/Eliasmith, C. (February 27, 2006). Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind. Retrieved from http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/dualism.html Heil, J. (2004). Philosophy of Mind: A Guide and Anthology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Mahon, JE Causal interactionism. Retrieved from http://home.wlu.edu/~mahonj/Descartes.M6.Interactionism.htmSchweller, K. What is a Turing machine?. Retrieved from http://web.bvu.edu/faculty/schweller/Turing/Turing.html