http://ancorage-net.org/index.jsp?id=38&page=documentsWhat is corruption?Corruption is difficult to define and measure, it does not cannot be defined, but examples of particular activities, such as corruption can be listed rather than trying to define "corruption" itself. Transparency International, the international anti-corruption NGO, has influentially defined it as “the use of public office for private gain”. The World Bank has adopted this definition. TI later expanded its definition to include “the use of entrusted power for private purposes,” thus including government functions that had been privatized. Both definitions emphasize individual acts and economic crimes. A distinction is often made between “petty” corruption – small payments openly made to low-ranking officials in exchange for services to which citizens are entitled anyway – and “grand” corruption of senior officials and ministers accepting bribes. secret wines from entrepreneurs. The first is often open and tolerated, both are generally illegal. A third category of “political” corruption, or state capture, refers to situations in which private interests succeed in changing the law in their favor. There is also a link between corruption, incompetence and mismanagement. Arbitrary regulations and long queues for services create opportunities for corruption. The fight against corruption is therefore often linked to broader processes of administrative reform. Today, it is also often linked to other types of crime. What works against corruption? Corruption often gives rise to cynicism and fatalism. There is recent systematic evidence of what works, but also the unintended consequences of anti-corruption campaigns. In situations where corruption was endemic, people were often well aware of it and so awareness campaigns...... middle of paper ...... corrupt officials emerged from investigations. Lawyers can defend themselves. Defamation laws can prevent newspapers from reporting corruption. Employment protections (and strong unions) can constrain action against corrupt officials. Political corruption and state capture are forms of corruption that can be completely legal. These fundamental limits on using the law to punish corrupt individuals suggest paying more attention to ways of preventing corruption before it occurs, rather than investigating and prosecuting it after it occurs. it happened. Preventive measures are less likely to be misused. They include exemplary leadership, training, education, developing codes of conduct, better accountability and systematic reform of regulations that open the door to corruption. Most longtime leaders have something embarrassing – personal, financial or political – to hide.