After the emancipation of 1834 and the failure of the apprenticeship system on August 1, 1838, the shortage of available labor, in particularly in the larger territories of British Guiana, Jamaica and Trinidad, led to the introduction of indentured labor. A few different programs were tried, European labor programs, Madeiran and Maltese (Portuguese) labor release programs from Africa, as well as programs from China and India. However, Joseph Beaumont, former Chief Justice of British Guiana, published a pamphlet in England in 1871 entitled "The New Slavery", because he considered that in practice the immigrants' labor schemes were slavery under a different name. In the West Indian colonies in particular there existed conditions similar to those of slavery, the voyage to the Caribbean compared to another version of the middle passage suffered by Africans, contracts were not much different from slave labor, and immigrants were deceived about working conditions. nature of work and living conditions. Therefore, after five years of "quasi-slavery", most immigrants wanted their freedom. This resulted in various incentives being offered to persuade immigrants to extend their connection and possibly stay in the different countries. Immigrant Labor Programs Immigrant labor, by definition, was not slavery because it was entered into voluntarily. The contract gave rights to the immigrant who was paid for his work. There was a fixed limit to the duration of the commitment and, once this was completed, the immigrant was free. However, there were many conditions reminiscent of slavery, for example, immigrants were found to be disappointing...... middle of paper ...... and indentured immigrants' plans were not successful. were little more than those of a new form of slavery to cover the labor needs that the abolition of slavery created in the West Indies and the Americas, the journey by boat, the embarkation where they were detained for up to three weeks, the deception of contracts, the living and working conditions, the cruelty and abuse, and the lack of family life were all reminiscences of slavery, so much so that different investigations been launched and in the end, one can wonder if immigrant labor solved the labor crises, because in Barbados where there was no importation of immigrant labor. , sugar production actually increased, Indians in the British West Indies would consider this a success ((Greenwood, 1991) but critics have focused on the social divisions caused in the host territories, e.g. racial segregation and religious..