Since the election of President Barack Obama, many people have embraced the idea that the nation has progressed and some even believe that now is the time to stop the school, housing and affirmative action employment policies. Unfortunately, many people are unaware of the rise in hate crimes and racial profiling. For this reason, there is a gulf between black and white educational achievement, career prospects, housing, and quality of health care (Sadler 1140-1141). But in recent years, affirmative action has been called into question. Michigan, Washington, California, and Florida banned affirmative action policies, and Colorado and Nebraska pushed for anti-affirmative action efforts (Sadler 1156). Affirmative action policies within universities initially became a controversial issue when a white man was rejected from a medical school program. which was mainly aimed at minorities. This particular court case, Regents of University of California v. Bakke 1978, was brought before the Supreme Court and marked the beginning of several future disputes regarding affirmative action policies within the school system. The court supported the University, because the University wanted a diverse student body, which meant no real favoritism involved. Although the court did not focus on the central concern (race), the case only helped set the platform for future proceedings regarding affirmative action (Russo 263-264). Once affirmative action policies were implemented, "virtually every institution in American life, including colleges and universities, came under pressure, legal and political, to take 'affirmative' steps to do facing the impact of the persistent effects of social discrimination” (Elli...... middle of article ......nson, Kevin R. 2003. The last twenty-five years of affirmative action? Constitutional Commentary 21.1 (2004): 171-190. Murray, Kerrel 2014. Good Will Hunting: How the Supreme Court's Hunter Doctrine Can Still Protect Minorities from Discrimination Related to the Political Process Stanford Law Review 66.2 (2014): 443. -475. Russo, Charles J. and Ralph D. Mawdsley 2003. Recent developments in the United States: American update: the Supreme Court and positive education and the law 15.4 (2003: 263-274). Joanne and Joseph Sankoh 2010. Can Affirmative Action Survive a Black President: A Look at Affirmative Action in the Era of President Barack Obama. NAAAS Conference Monographs and Affiliates (2011): 1139-1163.Walsh, Mark. 2013. “High Court to Tackle Race Case.” Education Week 33.6 (2013): 1-23.Yoo, John. Race and the Constitution. National review 65.1 (2013): 39-43.