The implementation of political and economic theories often changes depending on the author and the practice. This alteration is often due to the incompatible environment in which the model is implemented or to the idealistic nature of the concept. Within Marxism, socialism means a defined historical period of economic development and the resulting social relations that replace capitalism in the plane of historical materialism (Habib, 1993: 5). To progress toward socialism, according to Marx, a state must endure the struggles of the working class against the attacks of the capitalist class to establish its own collective control over production; these are the fundamental foundations of a socialist society (Habib, 1993: 5). Examples of this lack of implementation of socialism were seen in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). Both republics are not sufficiently developed towards the socialist phase due to their predominantly peasant societies. The economic and political situations in the USSR are almost parallel to those in the PRC; both states were weakened by wars and political unrest, but the way each approached its peasant difficulties is somewhat contradictory. This article will examine the peasant conditions of the USSR and the PRC and how they attempted to adapt to them while progressing towards socialism. To begin with, analysis of the condition of the USSR before the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the First World War was not feasible. cultivate socialism. It was essential not only for the future implementation of socialism, but its events also paralleled those in China which established the PRC. The combination of inadequate labor due to both wars and the threat of economic collapse with political demora...... middle of article...... the Marxist theory of socialism failed in the USSR and the PRC. This was established through the analysis of conditions, structural feeding and how the USSR and PRC responded to the peasantry. The application of socialism in the immature societies of the USSR and the PRC had disastrous consequences through the development of inadequate plans such as the Five Year Plan and the Great Leap Forward, and contradictory policies to administer the peasants through anti-kulak policies and anti-kulak politics. Cultural revolution. It is further claimed that Weber's liberal critique of communism highlighted the utopian element of this theorem. However, societies predominantly composed of peasants are not suited to cultivating socialism since the theorem is intended for advanced capitalist societies (Nove, 1982: 35).