Table of ContentsVictim Precipitation: Von Hentig's 13 Victim CategoriesVictim Facilitation: Reasons Why Someone Became a VictimVictim Provocation: A Fire green” for the perpetratorConclusionReferencesWhen we name or refer to someone as a victim will define that person as someone who has suffered harm in several aspects directly from the perpetrator, such as physical or emotional harm and property damage, or even the person will experience serious problems that involve the economy due to the crime. In these crimes, the only victim will be the person against whom the crime was committed, so society as a whole will not be harmed. When a crime is committed directly against the person, it will lead to several consequences such as fear, anxiety, anger and self-blame. In some cases, it is also described that the victim contributes to the construction of the crime that the perpetrator commits on them. This happens when the wrongful act of the victim against him by the perpetrator, the offender will take advantage of this act to victimize the person due to the act that was committed. As a result, theories could be found that will further explain how a victim can help the offender. Theories such as victim rush, facilitation, and provocation are explored in this essay. These theories further describe the concepts of how a victim contributes to the construction of the offense. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”?Get the original essayVictim Rushing: Von Hentig's 13 Victim CategoriesVictim rushing is defined as a theory that analyzes how and when a victim interacting with an offender can lead to a crime being committed. The most likely crimes will be homicide, rape, assault and theft. It is a theory that was introduced and developed by Martin Wolfgang in the 20th century in his artistic writings; Criminal homicide precipitated by the victim. Wolfgang explains how in many crimes the victim is the primary contributor to the criminal act, meaning the victim could be one of the primary precipitating causes of their own death. In his article, Wolfgang explains that the term "victim-precipitator" is used primarily in crimes where the victim is a direct and positive precipitator of the crime. This shows that a victim must have been the first person to use physical force against the offender, therefore the victim must be the first to respond. Another criminology professor who has written about rushing victims is. Menachem Amir in his article, Victim Precipitated Forced Rape. His definition of haste is “rapid and hasty action,” he describes this behavior as a differentiation from “provocation” and outright “seduction.” As his primary subject was forcible rape, his theoretical definition of victim enticement in this context is that, in specific circumstances, the victim's behavior is interpreted by the perpetrator as either a direct invitation to sexual intercourse, or as a sign of his availability for sexual relations. contact, the victim's behavior can therefore be made up of an act of "commission" or "omission". In the book The Criminal and His Victims, written by the criminologist Hans Von Henting, gives the idea that crime is an energetic social bond where both the victim and the aggressor participate in the final result. In many criminal activities, crimes cannot be understood solely asencounters in which only one person, the perpetrator, was actively involved. Part of the statement written by Von Hentig is as follows: “I maintain that many criminal acts are more indicative of a subject-object relationship than of the perpetrator alone. There is a certain kind of reciprocity. " In this statement, Von Hentig says that when you choose who is to blame and who should take responsibility, it is not clear enough as the law would have you believe. He insisted that the victim carry out his criminal victimization. From here, Von Hentig describes his view on victim rush, according to which victims engage in behavior that will automatically influence the outcomes of victimology events, which could lead to their victimization. He argued that victims of a crime could be listed in one of 13 categories which will be based on their propensity for victimization. Young people are the first category Von Hentig was referring to: infants and children who are physically weak, have less mental capacity, those who have few legal rights, and those who are financially dependent on their guardians such as parents and guardianship. These children who fall into this category are also at high risk of being harmed by adults from whom they are unable to defend themselves against this abuse and even less likely to be believed when they seek help. Children and infants included in this category are those who experience emotional, physical and sexual abuse at home from parents who are often under the influence of drugs or alcohol, those who are victims of bullying at school, which could happen because of their appearance or appearance. personality and those who are their parents forced them into prostitution. These children unfortunately suffer from different levels and types of harm that will affect them throughout their lives. The second category is women, where Von Henting was referring to all women. He explained that women are weaker than men in terms of physique and culture. condition for accepting male authority. Many women are very dependent on men for finances, such as their husbands and fathers. The situation of women has become more problematic for Western women because they believe that a woman's worth is associated with their sexuality and body. In many cases, this could lead to problems such as depression, drug addiction and also prostitution brought on by low self-esteem. The third category is that of the old, to which he refers to those who are vulnerable, such as children. These elderly people might be in someone else's care, due to their poor physical condition. These problems can cause them harm, including theft of their property. Von Hentig explains how these older people might have better access to money and have poor memory, which could make them vulnerable to trust scams and, because they have a sense of pride, they might not report any losses. The fourth category Von Hentig refers to as mentally deficient and disturbed, which he referred to as "feeble-minded", alcoholics and drug addicts. Those people who suffer from any type of these conditions have a different perception of reality. Due to the environment around them, their personality and the level of mess, they could easily harm themselves. The fifth category is that of immigrants, those foreigners who find the culture in which they are placed strange. Anyone who goes to another culture has difficulty adapting andcommunicate. This will expose them to several trust schemes, abuse and theft. Von Hentig calls minorities “racial disadvantages.” Those who oppose a certain level of prejudice from others can be vulnerable to multiple levels of abuse and violence. In another category, Von Hentig explains that Dull Normals are "simple-minded" people, who might have the same types of vulnerabilities as those who are simple-minded. who are mentally defective. Those who suffer from several psychological illnesses, Von Hentig calls depressed. These people can expose themselves to different types of dangers and intentional. These people might need psychotropic medications that alter haste, damage reasoning, and affect judgment. These people who are called greedy and want to gain things instantly, are described as The Acquisitive. To achieve their goals, these people may interrupt their judgment or intentions while putting themselves in dangerous situations. The tenth category is that of the Wantons. Von Hentig was referring to promiscuous people. These people are those who participate in indiscriminate sexual activities with many different people, exposing them to multiple levels of illness and varying personalities. While some of these partners may be healthy and helpful, others may be narcissistic, envious, and destructive. Those who are widowed or widowed and those who are grieving are described as The Lonesome or Heartbroken. Von Hentig explains how loneliness is reaching epidemic proportions since a good percentage of marriages end in divorce. This section does not only apply to people who are grieving, those who are alone or heartbroken are also vulnerable to abuse and can also be manipulated and abusive. When a parent is violent toward their family members, Von Hentig refers to this type of person as a “Tormentor.” . When they mistreat those around them, they will be exposed to the harm they themselves created and the victim's reaction. One such example, when a mother hits one of her children because he is drunk, she might end up injuring her hand. The last category that Von Hentig described as victims qualifies them as Blocked, Exempted, or Fighters. He describes them as victims of blackmail or scams. Over time, victims could still be exposed to a financial crisis that could result in lingering or even physical harm. These victims might also face consequences when they report and involve the police in the matter, so normally the victims would prefer to leave the police out of the loop and not report what they are experiencing Victim facilitation: reasons why someone is becoming a victimWhen you talk about victim facilitation, one might notice that it sounds a lot like victim rushing. Victim facilitation is when a person is victimized by choice, which happens unknowingly and without any intention, making it easier for the offender to commit a crime against them. Like Karmen. This means that the victim could act as a catalyst that will increase the risk of victimization. Facilitation differs from previous theory in that facilitation helps us understand why a person is victimized by the offender, even though it does not indicate who has the blame and responsibility for the crime. As an example of this theory, when a wife is beaten by her husband, it can be considered his choice. This is described this way because she always has the option or choice to leave her husband, but the victim is unlikely to notice the choicethat could be done. Victim facilitation theory was also introduced by Marvin Wolfgang. This theory allows us to analyze the action that makes the victim vulnerable to being a victim of a crime. A. Karmen stated in 2010 that "victim facilitation should be reserved for situations in which victims negligently and inadvertently facilitate theft for a thief." Negligence and lack of attention further allows the offender to commit the crime against the victims, making the blame shared between both parties. HJ Schneider, in his article, explains how victim facilitation is a model that explains the abuser's misinterpretation of the victim's behavior. He goes on to say that this theory is based on the “theory of symbolic interaction” and that this will not reduce the responsibility that the offender must bear either. Eric Hickey, a leading analyzer of serial killers, during his studies he labeled victims. as high, low, or mixed, depending on the facilitation of murder. The categorization was primarily based on risk related to lifestyle, type of employment and location of the crime. Hickery concluded that 13-15% of victims had low facilitation, while a combination of low and high was estimated at 23-25%. He also said that among murderers, one in five victims were at greater risk of becoming involved in prostitution or involvement when in contact with strangers. In relation to victim facilitation, Dr M Godwin discussed the social network of victims which he compares to each other because this theory focuses on where victims are most vulnerable to the serial killer. Victim provocation: a “green” light for the aggressor “Provocation means that the loser is more responsible than the winner for the ensuing fight,” is how Andrew Karmen described the concept of victim provocation in his book. Victim provocation occurs when a person does something that encourages another person to act illegally. This explains that if there had not been illegal or bad behavior on the part of the victim, it is likely that the crime would not have been committed, therefore it blames the victim, who in fact will not be blamed . When a victim provokes during a crime committed against them, the victim may lose control of themselves, which will ultimately make them less morally culpable than if the act against them was already planned. An example of this theory is when a man tries to attack another man who was on his way home and the man tries to rob the victim, the victim ends up resisting the robbery, pulls out a gun and shoots on the offender. Martin Wolfgang also mentioned the provocation of the victims in his diary, and during his 1958 Philadelphia case study on homicides, he deduced from police records that between 1948 and 1952, the concept of victim provocation was controversial for criminological thought. It concluded that in 26% of criminal homicides, the victim actually confronted the offender either verbally or through physical force. In his diary, Wolfgang explained how homicide law recognizes provocation of the victim as a valid reason to reduce the offense from murder to murder or from the criminal to excused homicide. Wolfgang outlined four prerequisites for reduction to occur, which are cited: there must be adequate provocation; the murder must have been committed in the heat of passion, the murder must have followed the provocation before there was a reasonable possibility for the passion to subside; a casual link must exist between provocation, the heat of passion and, 5(4), 497-538.