(p. 69). Unlike the definitions provided by Jones et al. (2002) and Clough et al. (2002), this definition is general in nature and identifies the important role of values, attitudes, cognitions and emotions, without confining the variables to subjective definitions (i.e. they recognize the importance variables but refrain from pontificating their exact role without sufficient evidence). Gucciardi's definition can be said to encompass a more task-based, not ego-based, approach as it describes how an individual progresses toward their goals by looking at both outcomes and mental toughness processes. In contrast, the definitions provided by Jones et al., Middleton et al. and Clough et al. rely on social comparison and achieving superiority over others.