Chinese and Japanese responses to the West have been that Japan has succeeded in modernizing and becoming an industrialized power, while China has not arrived. Foreign technicians were brought to Japan, and increasing numbers of Japanese were sent to Western countries to learn from them. Feudalism was abolished, new systems of taxation and currency were established, and Western infrastructure and institutions, such as banking and railroads, were adopted. However, this happened on a much more limited scale than in China, as only a small part of the population was affected and did not really change the lives of Chinese people. What the Chinese government failed to understand was that the West's achievements were the product of profound structural changes and that "to modernize, it is necessary to adapt or change institutions and modes of traditional thought. (Warren p. 235). China's modernization therefore only occurred at a very superficial level. In the 19th century, after a long period of isolationism, China and then Japan came under pressure from the West to open up to trade and foreign relations. The industrial revolution in Europe and the United States