Table of ContentsIntroductionInformal ErrorsCognitive Bias and How They Lead to Informal ErrorsInformal Errors - Harmful ConsequencesConclusionIntroductionThe report discusses informal errors and cognitive biases, covering their definitions and explanations with examples followed by highlighting how cognitive biases cause us to engage in informal errors. Then, it addresses some sociopolitical issues in which informal fallacies are manipulative and persuasive and, in conclusion, by understanding the relationship between informal fallacies and cognitive biases, we increase our logical reasoning in daily life. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Informal Fallacies An fallacy occurs when an argument is invalid or when the premises cannot support its conclusion and the reasoning is incorrect. When errors occur due to the language of the content and improper use of evidence, it is called an informal fallacy. There is no limit to the variety of forms in which this content can appear, and informal errors are therefore often more difficult to detect. It is the language that is misleading here because the language is slippery and imprecise, one must be careful in this endeavor. To better understand informal errors, here are some examples: P1: The judges were fair. P2: Who is brown cannot be right. C: Therefore, judges cannot be brown. This argument seems valid, but there is an informal fallacy of equivocation because equivocation is correct. used in the first premise was for "pleasant and good decision" and just used in the second premise was for "skin tone" and both are different in context, so the language of the content is misleading here and the argument is invalid. Another example is: Did Ronald ever give away his bad habits? What did you use to wipe your fingerprints off the gun? This is a type of informal complex question fallacy because it presupposes an answer to the questions asked. question like the convict used a gun in the first place and John has bad habits, this is all presupposed and but there may be mistakes. Class A is not good. Ben is in class A. Therefore, Ben is not good. This is an example of an informal division fallacy, because we only know that Class A has mischievous students and that its reputation is bad, but we have no facts to conclude that Ben is not good. Cognitive biases and how they lead to informal errors A cognitive bias is a systematic phenomenon. pattern of deviation from rationality in judgment that affects the decisions and judgments people make. Some of these biases are linked to memory and past experiences. How an individual perceives an event or contribution can affect their construction of social reality and, in turn, lead to biased thinking and decision-making. A classic example that includes the "bandwagon effect" - the tendency of people to do or think things because others do or think them. This happens a lot on the stock market. If someone starts buying a stock because they think it will go up, then a lot of other people will also start picking that stock. For example: “I don’t want to get married. There would be all these additional responsibilities, as well as the costs of raising children and putting them in school. Not to mention the loss of my freedom. » This is a psychological effect.