Part of the driving force during this era was women, although they were excluded from key roles in government, most American women created voluntary organizations through which they advocated for relevant social changes. to the nation. Some of these missions were social work and community organizing, social advocacy of various foster homes. Carr and Sloan note in the mid-20th century that poverty was the primary cause of an individual and therefore developed certain interventions primarily focused on changing individual behavior rather than the social environment. Some of these people who lived below the poverty line were described as or suffered from a need for achievement deficit, a character trait that motivates any successful person to strive to achieve something in life (Zastrow,