Yet there is an alarming disconnect between how the police, the public, and the courts view the use of force (Atherley and Hickman, 2014). Previous research on the issue of abusive or excessive force has not established a clear basis for assessing the use of excessive force. It has been difficult to quantify excessive use of force by police and academics. This creates a problem since the federal government is required by Congress to report on this issue. This requires law enforcement agencies to meet certain standards that have not been carefully established (Atherley & Hickman,