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Essay / Automation as a means of using machines, control systems and information technologies
Table of contentsHeat exchangerFinal control elementsSafety componentsConclusionToday's demand for electricity generation is increasing. Therefore, the requirements for control systems are also increasing. In this paper boiler, the operation is carried out using numerous control strategies, so that the resulting operation is practically implemented for industrial purposes. In this experiment, an electrically heated boiler and a pipe-in-pipe type heat exchanger are used. Electrically heated boilers use electric current passing through a heating element to create heat and boil water into steam at high temperature and high pressure. To test better controllability pipe in pipe type counter flow heat exchanger. During the first phase, the installation, calibration and testing of all transmitters and actuators are completed. By providing a system for programming PLCs, distributed control systems as well as simulation software. Several control purposes are obtained. Pilot plants are controlled using user-friendly interfaces. In this framework, different control strategies are used such as PLC, DCS, MATLAB as well as virtual PLC and DCS with local controllers without any security compromise. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Automation is the use of machinery, control systems, and information technology to optimize productivity in the production of goods and services. Beyond that, it is possible with current human labor levels in order to achieve economies of scale and achieve predictable quality levels.[10] In today's world of rapid technological change, there is an urgent demand for the highest quality products possible. The automation and simulation of this project is done using a PLC. Programmable logic controllers are an integral part of factory automation as well as industrial process control.[9] As we know that energy demands are increasing, unit operations must be managed with good efficiency and control to save energy and improve the quality and quantity of production. Controllers such as programmable logic controllers, distributed control systems, simulation tools, and test control strategies are available to control the driver. plants. We have comparative studies of different classes of control strategies and different classes of controllers. We have two boiler and heat exchanger pilot installations. The boiler is an electric boiler operating at a pressure of 3.5 bar at a temperature of 1350°C, producing steam of 30 kg per hour. This steam is used in a heat exchanger which is pipe-in-pipe type and operates with counter-current flow of fluids. Both pilot plants are well equipped with industrial grade transmitters and actuators. The boiler drum contains water which is heated electrically with a PWM controller and generates steam at 4 bar and 144°C. Heating water is pumped from a boiler feedwater tank using a positive displacement pump. The formed boiler drum contains water which is heated electrically with a PWM controller and generates steam at 4 bar and 144°C. Heating water is pumpedfrom a boiler feed water tank using a positive displacement pump. The generated steam flows to the heat exchanger through an equal percentage globe valve which controls the steam flow. Since the heat exchanger is a counter-flow tubular type, the water to be heated is pumped from a cold water tank from the other end using a centrifugal pump. The condensate formed in the heat exchanger during heat transfer is collected in a separate condensate tank. Hot water is collected in the hot water tank which is also either mixed in the cold water tank or added partially/totally to the boiler feed to change the feed water temperature. A boiler is a closed container generally made of stainless steel. in which water or other fluid is heated. Electric steam boilers use resistance or immersion heating elements.Heat ExchangerA heat exchanger is equipment designed for efficient transfer of heat from one medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid wall, so that they never mix, or they may be in direct contact. There are two main classifications of heat exchangers based on their flow arrangement. In parallel flow heat exchangers, both fluids enter the exchanger from the same end and move parallel to each other to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers, fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends.Sensors and TransmittersThe transducer measures a process variable while the transmitter transmits the data to the controller as a 4-20 mA current signal .Final Control ElementsThe final control element adjusts the amount of energy/mass that enters or leaves the process as commanded by the controller. The following are the final control elements used in the plant: a. Positive displacement pump for supplying boiler feed water: The motor speed and, therefore, the feed flow rate are varied using a variable frequency drive.b. Centrifugal pump to supply cold water to the heat exchanger: the motor speed and, therefore, the feed rate are varied using a variable frequency drive.c. The equal percentage globe control valve to manipulate the steam flow current signal from the controller is converted to a pneumatic signal using an I/P converter which decides when to open the valve. 2-position solenoid valve (open or closed): Opening the valve allows mixing of hot water with the cold water supply to the heat exchanger as well as changing the feed water temperature of the boiler. Safety ComponentsThese components provide process safety which generally refers to the prevention of unintended releases of chemicals, energy or other potentially hazardous materials (including steam) during the process that may have a serious effect on the factory and the environment. Process safety involves, for example, the prevention of leaks, spills, equipment malfunctions, overpressure, overheating, corrosion, metal fatigue, and other similar conditions. The following instruments are included to maintain process variables below a safe limit and provide alarms. locks to automatically take necessary action:a. Pressure switch and thermostat: stops the boiler if the drum pressure/temperature exceeds 4 bar/144 deg Cb. Low Level Switches: For the boiler drum, this switch turns off the heating if there is no water in the drum. For other tanks,.