Crop production relies heavily on pollinators for high yields. Animals pollinate about 88% of plants; 68% of all global crops rely on animals (mostly insects) for pollination. Managed bees, primarily honey bees (Apis mellifera), are commonly used to provide pollination services. However, alternative or locally and naturally available native bees that are not formally managed can also make a significant contribution to crop pollination. There is a general decline in honey bees and other wild bees such as bumblebees in North America and Europe, although similar trends are observed. have not been documented in other parts of the world such as Australia and Africa. Of particular concern is the increase in global cultivation of pollinator-dependent crops, such as high-value fruits and vegetables, in an environment in which the pollinator population of these crops may decline. The need for pollination of fruits and vegetables will increase as humans increase their consumption of these foods. This trend has been observed in some regions of the world, including the United States, Europe and Asia, but this information is lacking in many developing countries where populations and demand for pollinator-dependent fruits and vegetables are increasing. Unmanaged bee pollination supports the production of approximately $3 billion in food crops, fiber and forage, while honey bee pollination has been estimated at $15 billion. Native pollinator abundance may be determined by agricultural management practices based on agricultural landscape context, or both. . Currently, the determinants of native bee abundance and pollination services are rarely understood well enough, particularly in developing countries, to guide farmers who wish to use them for pollination, leaving... ...middle of article......insight into the bee fauna of economic importance to fruit and vegetable agriculture, and will identify bee species and management tactics with potential to increased pollination. We will produce a fruit and vegetable pollination monitoring guide that will provide both a key to the most important crop pollinators in each region and a crop survey tool allowing farmers and/or pollination professionals to agriculture to evaluate the pollination of crops provided by various bees during flowering. Through the results of this objective, Kenyan fruit and vegetable growers will gain knowledge and awareness of the economic contribution of managed and unmanaged bees to their businesses and increase the use of pest and farm management approaches that reduce risks to bees. We envision that our results will be adopted by other developing countries with similar cropping systems..