Almost all employers of journalists, regardless of the specific field, require a bachelor's degree in journalism, mass communications, communications or a similar field. For a sports journalist in particular, it is essential to specialize or at least complete a minor or similar specialization with a concentration in sports journalism. Some of the best sports journalism schools include Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Penn State University, University of Texas at Austin, Michigan State University, and Hofstra University. There are also a few universities (Ashford University and Colorado State University) that offer undergraduate and graduate programs in sports journalism online. Courses in all programs at these universities include introduction to the sports industry, sports media, sports writing and reporting, broadcasting, play-by-play announcing, and public relations. Almost all programs at these schools require that at least one internship be completed.