Table of ContentsUnderstanding Bipolar DisorderSocial IndicatorConclusionMood is the changing expression of emotion and can be described as a spectrum describing how various expressions of happiness and human sadness can be experienced. The outermost ends of this spectrum highlight two states, the lowest, melancholy, and the highest, mania. These extreme moods have been studied and documented many times throughout human history; they were first studied and described by Hippocrates. Nineteenth-century contemporaries Falret and Baillarger described two forms of extreme mood disorders, both of which have been debated for validity and accuracy. Regardless, the concept of cyclical mood disease was much discussed and the concept gained acceptance before the end of the 19th century. Kraepelin then described "manic-depressive insanity" and gave a description of a full range of mood dysfunctions that included single episodes of mania or depression or a complement of several episodes of each. It was this concept that was incorporated into the first DSM and continued through the DSM-III, in which the description of episodic mood dysfunctions was used to construct a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”? Get the original essay The first attempt to categorize and standardize mental illness in the DSM-I (1952) classified manic depression as a disorder psychotic, "characterized by a variable degree of personality integration and inability to correctly test and evaluate external reality in various domains." “Manic Depressive Reaction” details the symptoms of mania true to the current diagnosis, severe mood swings and a tendency toward remissions and recurrences. However, earlier psychotic features of illusions, delusions, and hallucinations have also been listed as possible additions to the diagnosis, which are now known to constitute only a minor section of the broader illness. This diagnosis is closer to the Kraeplinian understanding of manic-depressive insanity, and a patient's dominant mood would be described using the specific type. Three types were detailed: manic, depressed and other. The manic type details what most closely resembles the modern definition of mania, "elation or irritability, with excessive talkativeness, flight of ideas, and increased motor activity", with depression only present in ephemeral episodes. The depressive type resembled what is now major depressive disorder, “an exceptional mood depression accompanied by mental and motor retardation and inhibition; in some cases there is a lot of unease and apprehension. Perplexity, stupor or agitation may be striking symptoms.” It is only in the other type that mixed or cyclical states are characterized as a feature, "marked mixtures of the cardinal manifestations of the two phases above (mixed type), or cases where a continuous alternation of the two phases occurs product (circular type). )”. These classifications make it possible to type cases that do not easily fit into a primary manic or primary depressive description; however, the modern understanding of bipolar, with its main characteristic being a cycle between mania and depression, is not a fundamental component of the major disorder. Additionally, the mixed state is mentioned but again has not been fully characterized. Understanding bipolar disorder Bipolar disorders are characterized by aunpredictable behavior, resulting in depressive, hypomanic, or manic episodes alternating with a series of normal states. A multiparametric approach can be followed to diagnose mood states by analyzing information from different physiological signals and changes in voice and behavior. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that has cycling symptoms between periods of extreme excitement (mania) and sadness; it is hereditary and often linked to brain damage. Between one and two percent of all Australians experience bipolar disorder, although in many the symptoms are mild and have limited impact on functioning (Mitchell, 2013; Kulkarni et al., 2012). For people with severe cases, symptoms can impact all major areas of life, including work, school, and interpersonal and community relationships. The three subcategories are organized according to the increasing severity of bipolar disorder. The first subcategory is bipolar 1 disorder. The main symptom of bipolar I disorder is an increase in manic mood swings that usually affect daily activities such as work, school, or family. Manic mood swings typically cause effects such as extreme optimism, aggressive behavior, agitation/irritation, loss of sleep, drug/alcohol abuse, or delusions. The second category is bipolar II disorder. In this subcategory, people experience depressive mood swings, including emotions of sadness, anger, happiness, anxiety, guilt, irritability, and suicidal thoughts. The final subcategory of bipolar disorder is cylothymia, which is the mildest form of bipolar disorder, but it includes highs and lows of depression. Other symptoms of bipolar disorder include mood swings over a period of years, days or times varying with the change of season, as well as psychoses (hallucinations/delusions). Symptoms of the disease are behavioral, with limited and controversial indications of changes in brain activity during certain mood episodes. Bullock, Murray, and Meyer (2017), in a study of the effects of environmental factors on bipolar mood episodes, found that there are few clear physiological tests. Additionally, there are no consistent environmental factors, beyond a slight correlation with increasing ambient temperature, that would predict when mood changes might occur. Periods of extreme mood can last from a few hours to several weeks, making it even more difficult to differentiate between symptoms and the patient's normal functioning, especially in the early stages of the illness. In this disease, as observed, there is no fixed pattern for dramatic episodes of high and low mood. A person may experience the same mood (depressed or manic) several times before switching to the opposite mood for an extended period of time. The severity of mania varies from individual to individual and over time it can also change, becoming more or less severe. Symptoms of mania (“the highs”): Excessive happiness, hope, and excitement. Sudden shift from happy to irritable, angry, and hostile Agitation Rapid speech and poor concentration Increased energy and less need for sleep Unusually high sex drive Making grandiose and unrealistic plans Demonstrating poor judgment Substance abuse alcohol Become more impulsive. During depressive periods (“breakdowns”), a person with bipolar disorder may have: Sadness Loss of energy Feelingsof despair or uselessness Not appreciating the things they once loved. Difficulty concentrating. Uncontrollable crying. Difficulty making decisions. Irritability. Need more sleep. Insomnia. Appetite changes that cause them to lose or gain weight. Thoughts of death or suicide. Suicide attempt. Psychological indicator. People with bipolar disorder may also have another health problem to treat in addition to bipolar disorder. Certain circumstances can make bipolar disorder symptoms worse or make treatment less effective. Examples include: Anxiety disorders Eating disorders Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Alcohol or drug abuse Physical health problems, such as heart disease, thyroid problems, headaches, or obesity . Researchers noted that in the households of people with bipolar disorder, mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders are more common than in the general population. Studies of identical twins, who all share the same genes, show that variables other than genes, such as extremely stressful events, also play a role in precipitating bipolar disorder. Research on cognitive styles suggests evidence of unstable self-esteem and high positive self-esteem. evaluation in comics. Prospectively, low explicit self-esteem appears to predict increased risk of mania and depression in individuals diagnosed with BD. We also observed low and unstable explicit self-esteem in adolescent children of bipolar parents. Although these phenomena appear specifically associated with the presence of depressive symptoms, there is some evidence that manic symptoms in high-risk adolescents are associated with low implicit self-esteem. It was discovered through observation that patients with bipolar disorder have difficulty coping and become suicidal. Suicide during a depressive or mixed episode is more likely. Illicit drugs such as cocaine, “designer drugs” such as ecstasy and amphetamines. Excessive doses of certain over-the-counter drugs, including appetite suppressants and cold preparations. Non-psychiatric medications, such as medications for thyroid problems and corticosteroids like prednisone. Excessive caffeine consumption (moderate amounts of caffeine are fine). If a person is vulnerable to bipolar disorder, stress, frequent use of stimulants or alcohol, and lack of sleep can cause bipolar disorder to develop. the disorder. Certain medications can also trigger a depressive or manic episode. Social Indicator Bipolar disorder usually develops in late adolescence or early adulthood. It has been observed that bipolar disorder can occur earlier in childhood, but the chances are low. Bipolar disorder can be hereditary. Men and women are equally likely to be affected. Women are more likely to experience "rapid cycling" than men, who experience four or more distinct mood episodes over the course of a year. Women also tend to spend more time depressed than men with bipolar disorder. Reports show that people with bipolar disorder often have poor quality of life and poor life functioning. We also found that women had a lower quality of life than men. Patients who were married, cohabiting, divorced or separated had more severe functional impairments than single or never married patients. The disadvantage.