After years of hardship created by the slave trade and colonization, distrust persisted and little progress took place. It was not until religious missions began, where Protestant and Catholic missionaries came to Africa to educate. that Africa has made progress. With education came a more civilized society and economic progress. Overall, both articles are detailed and intelligent. The mathematical aspect of each article is very well done and validates its conclusions in a way that a simple explanation cannot do, even if it was a little difficult to understand. He is able to supplement the mathematical aspect with a more analytical analysis, by asking, then answering: "Why do these events, which ended years ago, continue to matter today?" » This question is interesting and using what we learned in class helped advance the ideas put forward, giving an in-depth and detailed answer to this question.