The civil rights movement is a subject encompassing numerous activisms which sought to obtain and safeguard the full social, political and economic rights of African Americans beginning in 1954. Activism for civil rights This involved a variety of approaches, including filing lawsuits in courts, direct mass movements, black power, and petitions to the federal government. The compelling efforts of civil rights activists resulted in many important victories, but also drew intense criticism and hostility from white supremacists. The historiography of the civil rights movement has evolved in recent years. This leaves the question of how he transformed into his current state. The purpose of this article is to identify the ways in which recent scholars have expanded our understanding of the civil rights movement. Three books will be analyzed, including Carol Anderson, White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide, Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow and Danielle L. McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay The courts were one of the first approaches employed by civil rights activists. A lawsuit was filed to undermine Jim Crow racial segregation in the South. The Supreme Court's decision on desegregation was a major blow to white supremacists. They threatened to press against massive resistance. Civil disobedience and nonviolent protest then emerged, led by Martin Luther King Jr. He led efforts to secure their rights across the country. This was the most effective approach due to widespread media coverage of non-violent protests, beatings and harassment by law enforcement. Some African Americans were dissatisfied with civil disobedience and nonviolent protests and opted for black activists. This decision encouraged some whites to join the leadership of the civil rights movement during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Carol Anderson, professor of African American studies at Emory University, describes in her book the fierce reaction to Obama as well as the series of misfortunes that took place. continued African-American approaches dating back to the Civil War and liberation. It traces the path of white resistance, from anti-liberation rebellions through post-Reconstruction racial terror, the Black Codes and the adoption of peonage, to the extreme legal and non-legal attempts by Southern authorities to prevent African Americans to escape enslavement amid the Great Migration. She continues to deepen her research into modern judicial and legislative actions across the country that have excessively condemned black people and stifled their right to vote. Anderson argues that this trend of progression followed by withdrawal has collapsed, if not adequately abandoned, every advance achieved by African Americans since the Declaration of Liberation. She recounts various occasions when hard-won achievements by African Americans were undone. For example, in 2008, unprecedented in history, the voter turnout rate of African Americans and whites was almost equal and, surprisingly, voters of all races earning less than $15,000 voted in large numbers, doubling approximately the previous year. Anderson gives a good example of President Ronald Reagan presiding over the reversal of a significant number of achievements achieved by black people in the civil rights movement. She states thateven though Reagan spoke well of blacks, his policies demonstrated hatred toward blacks. During the 1960s and 1970s, unemployment rates among blacks declined significantly, essentially narrowing the racial gap. Additionally, between 1970 and 1978, the number of blacks enrolled in institutions doubled. However, Reagan derailed this progress by cutting massive government jobs and programs. The black unemployment rate increased to 15.5%, the highest rate since the Great Depression – and black youth employment reached 45.7%. In recent times, the criminal justice system has become a controversial topic in civil rights debates in the United States. Various analysts have argued that this framework amounted to “another Jim Crow,” portraying black people as inferior and disenfranchised (Alexander). In addition to this assertion, civil rights concerns have been expressed regarding every component of criminal justice in the United States, from the inspection and detention of black suspects to the burden of capital punishment. Furthermore, racial equality issues related to criminal justice are not really limited to the United States. In France, for example, race-based mistreatment by police is a serious problem facing the public, and the Defender of Rights agency has documented that individuals are presented as black. or Arabs have a higher probability of being stopped by the police than the general population. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court, in a number of cases, approved racial profiling by police and mandatory imprisonment for drug crimes and created a complex framework that made it difficult to prove racial bias in different situations as well as the selection and arrests of judges. . And while keeping in mind that African Americans are rarely involved in drug use or sale, Anderson writes that "law enforcement continued to focus its efforts on the black population." Subsequently, she noted that blacks, although representing 13% of the national population, represented 45% of those detained. According to Alexander, a renowned civil rights advocate and academic at Ohio State University, the enormous gains made by the civil rights movement were reversed by the mass incarceration of black Americans in the fight against drug addiction. She argues that “Jim Crow and slavery were caste systems, much like our current system of mass incarceration,” Black Americans by the millions are arrested for minor crimes and are still marginalized and disenfranchised. Most traditional means of discrimination that were supposed to have been eliminated during the Jim Crow era are now legal, after being labeled criminal. Black youth are trapped by the criminal justice system, labeled as criminals, and then sent to prison, denied the right and opportunity to be hardworking, law-abiding citizens. A number of scholars have studied the level of gender sensitivity in the human rights movement, past and present. The subject of sexual violence suffered by black women during the Jim Crow era is particularly interesting. McGuire, a historian at Wayne State University, goes beyond the sexual violence these women suffered to explore their responses to such abuse and their role in the civil rights movements. According to McGuire, black women have demonstrated consistent and deliberate resistance against violations by speaking out and condemning these acts against them or their person. Their actions resulted in the "Women's Movement for Dignity, Respect and Integrity.