Cyberwar refers to a massively coordinated digital attack on one government by another government or by large groups of people. This is the action of a state actor to penetrate another country's computers and networks with the aim of causing damage or disruption. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Cyberwarfare has become one of the most compelling topics in any discussion of global security today. Many countries are involved in the covert execution of cyber operations such as reconnaissance, cyber espionage and CNI penetration of other countries; in addition, establish offensive cyberwarfare capabilities, develop the NCSS, and participate in cyberattacks repetitively. The term cyberwar can also be used to describe attacks between businesses, terrorist organizations, or simply attacks carried out by individuals called hackers, perceived to have warlike intentions. One of the biggest challenges every state is currently facing is hybrid challenges. disinformation campaigns and malicious cyber activities. Russia allegedly threatens Euro-Atlantic security and stability through hybrid actions, including the threat and use of force to achieve its political objectives, attempts to interfere in electoral processes, and the sovereignty of NATO allies. Widespread disinformation campaigns and malicious cyber activities have recently been carried out in Montenegro. Another recent example is a cyberattack on Ukrainian provincial electric power supply companies in 2015, which led to an unplanned power outage in Ukraine and affected a population of 225,000 people. Independent US analysts iSight Partners linked the spear phishing attack to a Russian hacker group, but Russia blamed the outages on pro-Ukrainian saboteurs. The incident was also believed to be the first known successful cyberattack targeting the CNI. In July 2016, at the Warsaw Summit, NATO committed to strengthening and developing the cyber defense capability of its allies in order to be ready to defend its network and operations. against sophisticated and constantly evolving cyberattacks and threats. Additionally, NATO officially accepted cyberspace as a fifth domain of warfare and confirmed that international law applies in cyberspace. Existing customary international law divides the use of cyberwarfare into 3 categories: under the law governing the use of force between States (jus ad Bellum), under the law of neutrality and under the law of armed conflict (jus in bello). Similarly, NATO's Article 5 collective defense clause can be invoked if a cyberattack meets the international legal definition of an "act of war." However, the biggest challenge in cyberspace remains that current international law does not explicitly outline actions, severity of impacts, or the threshold that constitutes a cyber attack equivalent to a real-world armed attack. The UK Ministry of Defense's Cyber ​​Primer argues that a cyber operation can constitute an armed attack if its method, severity and intensity of force are such that its effects are the same as those achieved by an attack kinetics that would reach the level of an armed attack. However, deciding what constitutes an “act of war” has been more of a political decision than a legal or military one. As part of an international effort, in September 2011, China, the Russian Federation, the.