The presentation of figures from studies creates an appeal for logos. O'Rourke first shows the high average spending per student per year - $11,749 - after giving an example of what a typical night of working on purchasing supplies for projects looks like in a family public school. He wants the reader to take note of the amount of these expenses and ultimately compare it to the results they produce. “Massachusetts (fifth in per-pupil spending) and Vermont (first) top the reading proficiency list with 43 and 42 percent, respectively. But there's not much choice between that and Montana's 39 percent, the 25th biggest spender,” (O'Rourke). O'Rourke appeals to ethos by citing these facts from a statistical summary report on schools and their spending in relation to their math and reading skills. He wants readers to see that the public school system is wasting money because high spending generates no beneficial results. O'Rourke also appeals to ethos by providing key evidence of how America's standardized test scores have not improved despite an increase in per-pupil spending. He cites the NAEP in this statement: "In 1970, SAT scores averaged 537 in reading and 512 in math, and 38 years later the scores were 502 and 515" (O'Rourke). O'Rourke presents this evidence to