Comparative Analysis of Modernization Afghanistan and Japan Introduction: “The concept of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard uni-linear evolutionary pattern, as described in theories of modernization “social evolutionism” (Modernization). Modernization is the process of transition from a traditional, pre-modern society to a modern society. Societies must follow this process to achieve modernity. Additionally, urbanization and industrialization are two other processes related to modernization. We can say that these two elements are the vehicles for the realization of modernity. From the 16th to the 19th century, modernization was introduced to European countries (Twente) through a long process of war and state-building. Europeans built their military, economy and culture through this process and became modernized countries. Then, in the 20th century, the term modernization spread around the world. Modernization theory has been used very well in some countries eager for rapid development, notably Japan. Looking at the history of modernization around the world, we recognize that the process of modernization has been successful in some societies but failed in others despite the difficulties encountered. their efforts to implement the process. Afghanistan is one of those countries that have failed in their modernization process; However, Japan is an example of a country that has managed to become a modernized society. The purpose of this article is to analyze the process of modernization theories that failed in Afghanistan but succeeded in Japan and the obstacles this process faced in Afghanistan. Historical background of modernization: Afghanistan: The first process of modernization of Afghanistan was launched... ... middle of paper ......zation, W. i. (nd). What is modernization. Retrieved November 25, 2013 from http://www.chsbs.cmichedu/fattah/courses/me/03.htmSikal, A. (2004). In A. Sikal, Independence and Radical Modernization, In Modern Afghanistan: A Story of Struggle and Survival. New York. Smelser. (1988). Modernization Theory, in D. Harrison. In The sociology of modernization and development. New York and London: Unwin Hyman Ltd. Tilly, C. (1985). In C. Tilly, War making and State making as Organized Crimes (pp. 174-182). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tilly, C. (1985). In C. Tilly, War Making and State Making as Organized Crime (pp. 170-172). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Twente, U. o. (nd). University of Twente. Accessed December 1, 2013 from http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Media,%20Culture%20and%20Society/Modernization%20Theory/