Table of contentsAbstractIntroductionLiterature reviewAbstractA study was carried out using a set of four candidate genetic markers for zinc accumulation in grains and genetic polymorphism was examined in twelve rice genotypes. The objective was to examine the nature of genetic variation at the molecular level for the characterization of these genotypes. Primer-directed amplification based on the putative candidate gene was successfully performed by all primer pairs. Polymorphism was recognized among the genotype in the form of an absence of bands. Polymorphism pattern analysis based on amplification profiles clearly indicated that nucleotide sequence variations at primer binding sites within putative candidate genes were the most likely casual factor for differential genotypes of accumulation of zinc in rice grains. Candidate gene-based amplification assay-dependent detection of non-alleles in certain genotypes essentially provided the basis for linking nucleotide variation at primer binding sites with differential grain zinc accumulation in the rice genotype. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayIntroductionRice is a cereal derived from the grass species (Oryza sativa L.) of the Poaceae family. It provides 20 percent of energy per capita and its protein contribution is 13 percent. It is the staple food of a third of the world's population with per capita consumption of 62 to 190 kg/year. It is the main source of income for small farmers. It is cultivated on 150 hectares of land mainly by flooding to avoid infections by weeds and pests. According to data analysis carried out in 2014, China is the largest rice producer in the world with an output of 206.5 million tonnes, while India ranks first. second largest rice producing country with production of 157.2 million tonnes and when we talk about Bihar its contribution is around 6356.7 MT. Developing countries account for 95 percent of rice production and global rice production stands at 741.5 million tonnes, supporting more than half of the population. Whereas if we analyze the data of 2016, the world contributes 446.0 million tonnes of production and At the same point, India contributes around 104% of the production and India at the same point contributes around 104, 32 tons. Rice has a high mineral and nutrient content, which is important for plant growth and development. If we come to zinc, rice bran contains 50.3 ppm. zinc concentration compared to 8.6 ppm in the endosperm. Zinc acts as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymes. It also plays an important role in transpiration, DNA replication, protein synthesis, etc. It helps the plant produce chlorophyll. Genes containing Zn concentration in rice are OsNAS3, OsNAS1, OsNAAT1, OsYSL, MTP1, etc. Its deficiency causes many disorders in plants such as chlorosis which is discoloration of leaves and in rice it causes dusty brown spots on the upper leaves of stunted plants, increased sterility of spikelets in rice, blade size of leaves is reduced and white lines sometimes appear along the midrib of the leaf, which causes diseases such as pneumonia, jaundice, brain deficiencies, etc. About 71 percent of the population suffers from Zn deficiency,or around 2 billion people in the world have this problem. due to the decreasing concentration of zinc in rice crops. Some measures are taken to overcome Zn deficiency, such as breeding crops that produce high yield and accumulate minerals, breeding germplasm with greater amount of Zn, etc. But the most effective remedy is biofortification in which bioavailability is ensured. the nutrient content is increased in the plant. The present study was conducted to examine the pattern of polymorphism and the nature of differentiation and divergence in relation to differential zinc accumulation in grains among rice varieties using gene-based primers. candidates. (1980) presented a method for rapid isolation of high molecular weight (50,000 base pairs or more in length) plant DNA that was free of contaminants that interfere with complete digestion by restriction endonuclei. Meyerhans et al. (1990) carried out PCR co-amplification of two distinct sequences of the HIV1 tat gene which led to the formation of recombinant DNA molecules. The frequency of these recombinants, up to 54% of all amplified molecules, can be decreased 2.7-fold by a 6-fold increase in Taq DNA polymerase elongation time. Chakravarti et al. (2006) stated that all primers showed distinct polymorphism among the cultivars studied, indicating the robust nature of microsatellites in revealing polymorphism. Padmalatha et al. (2006) presented the optimization of DNA isolation and PCR conditions for RAPD analysis of selected medicinal and aromatic plants. The DNA level varied between 1 and 2 ug/ul per gram of leaf tissue and the purity between 1.6 and 1.7, indicating a minimal level of contaminating metabolites. Narayanan et al. (2007) analyzed the expression of metal-related genes in flag and non-flag leaves of four different rice cultivars during the mid-grain filling period. Genes (24 out of 36) showed weak signals not detectable in the microarray, while 12 genes were found to be highly expressed in flag and non-flag leaves of all 4 cultivars. Carrigg Cora et al. (2007) by analyzing DGGE profiles, generated by polymerase chain reaction of purified DNA extracts, demonstrated that the choice of DNA extraction method significantly influenced the generated bacterial community. Zhang et al. (2008) stated that in potted trails, optimal application of N alone on rice crop could increase Fe concentration in polished rice. Garcia-Oliveria et al. (2009) detected a total of 31 putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg, P, and K by single-point analysis. Wild rice (O.ruflpogon) provided favorable alleles for most QTLs (26 QTLs), and chromosomes 1, 9, and 12 had 14 QTLs (45%) for these traits, while the greatest phenotypic variation ( 11% - 19%) was observed near the SSR marker RM152 on chromosome 8. Arnold et al. (2010) showed using a mathematical model that, for realistic rates of secretion of phytosiderophorous deoxymuginic acid (DMA) from rice and the effect of DMA in soil, solubilization and absorption by the appropriate mechanism are necessary and sufficient to take into account the measured Zn. uptake and the difference between genotypes.Usharani et al. (2012) identified three polymorphic markers SC 120, SC 128 and SC 129 that were unrelated and therefore single marker analysis was carried out to check the association of the marker with the trait. SC129 showed the highest significant variation with iron and zinc at R2.