Table of ContentsSummaryIntroductionRegions of the SpineSurgical OptionsDiscussionDegenerative Diseases of the Cervical SpinePediatric Cervical Spine ManagementDegenerative Thoracolumbar SurgerySurgical Approach for Thoracolumbar Spine Surgery in ChildrenConclusionSummary Biological advances are rapidly developing in the correction of spinal surgical procedures. Expertise requirements are increasing in the medical field for surgeons, particularly in spine surgeries. There are many technological developments that can be difficult to understand, with the main reason for some controversy being due to unidentified stem cells involved in spinal surgeries. There is a less invasive method introduced in recent years, which includes graft replacement and spinal fusion surgeries. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay This article summarizes the various inventive techniques used to correct spinal injuries, whether cervical or thoracolumbar in children or adults. The main process of surgical correction is to use a less invasive method with less pain and postoperative complications. IntroductionThe management processes of patients suffering from spinal cord injuries are becoming more complex day by day. This will make the medical staff more active towards the procedure by providing care to their respective patients. Therefore, it presents a broad spectrum of injury management including operative, non-operative and pain management process. The first and most initial step in managing spinal injuries is care provided by primary care physicians. Their responsibility is to manage pain, providing anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxant medications. Although the spine is made up of 33 bones called vertebrae, it forms the backbone of the body that provides the support needed to stay firm. (Viezens, Helmers, Vettorazzi, Schroeder, & Hansen-Algenstaedt, 2017). There are discs between each vertebra to reduce friction during movements. Each vertebra has specific points to which muscles and ligaments must attach in order to provide firm shape and coordinated movement. Regions of the Spine The spinal cord is divided into five segments: The initial seven vertebrae in the upper part of the neck region, also known as the cervical region. The next twelve vertebrae are attached to the ribs of the thoracic region, making up a thoracic region. The next five vertebrae should provide support to the torso present in the lower back and form the lumbar region. Five other vertebrae are fused into a single bone known as the sacrum. The last four vertebrae are completely fused and take on the coccyx structure called the coccyx. The basic way in which the spine is treated is categorized into three basic ways; namely: the dura mater is directly exposed, an agent is applied, the agent diffuses through the dura mater and the intrathecal space. An agent is directly injected into the intrathecal space. Inject the agent directly into the spinal cord. Surgical Options Treatment options are broadly divided into two categories. : non-operative options and surgical options. The non-operative option depends on pain management and the provision of asymptomatic treatment to the patient. However, the other option is surgical and is offered based on the disorders including spinal fractures, degenerative disc disease, and spinal deformities, which are treated with minimal disruptive procedures. Non-invasive procedures required a small incision to prevent trauma and sparing techniques that would be used to assist and produce minimal blood loss and reduce postoperative pain. DiscussionThere are exciting changes in the art of spinal injury treatment, the aim of this article is to address contemporary techniques and equipment to practice in the modern era of spine care during surgery at over the next decade. There are various diseases, including deformities, degenerative diseases, trauma and infections. There are different techniques used for cervical spine injuries and thoracolumbar spine injuries when present in children or present in adults. Degenerative diseases of the cervical spine This is the recent term that encompasses the different degenerative pathologies in which there is a lesion of the bone framework. of a vertebra, this includes spondylosis, degenerative disc disease and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, which will lead to compression of the spinal cord. This clinical syndrome is characterized by the presence of symptoms including decreased hand dexterity, gait imbalance, and the presence of possible sphincter dysfunction. The management of these diseases depends on the timing of its intervention with the ideal surgical approach. The important procedure used to correct cervical spine compression is performed through a surgical decompression approach; it is effective in moderate to severe myelopathic patients with less risk of serious complications. There is a slight difference in the surgical approach used in the anterior and posterior regions of the cervical spine. However, debate remains controversial over the relative effectiveness of laminoplasty versus laminectomy (Marquez-Lara, Nandyala, Fineberg, & Singh, 2014). Or the differences between minimally invasive surgery and open surgery as well as adjuvant pharmacological management. Mainly, the surgical approach is divided into two parts like the anterior and posterior parts of the cervical spine. Thus, an anterior approach describes less disruption of normal musculature and it is also easy to maintain normal spinal alignment. An anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is the procedure used in neck surgeries. It is the procedure of removing the damaged disc that relieves pressure from the spinal cord or nerve roots and decreases the equivalent pain, tingling, numbness and weakness. Therefore, discectomy is the procedure of surgical decompression and this complete art of surgical repair is known as anterior cervical decompression. We observe that this surgical approach is most often performed to treat the patient with a symptomatic cervical disc herniation; it is also suitable for cervical degenerative disc disease. The advantages of ACDF are that it provides direct access to the disc, making it easy to obtain direct visualization of the cervical disc. It is the process that produces less postoperative pain which makes it more compatible with the patient. At the moment when myelin is directly inhibited, this technique is now called NOGO, this technique has been studied for years and isthe subject of detailed research. In this mylink is inhibited. Dr. Martin Schwab from Zurich is studying this treatment by treating acute partial transverse injuries with pediatric cervical spine management. Managing the cervical spine procedure in children is quite a difficult issue. There are enormous diseases that require surgical arthrodesis in a pediatric patient. The basic steps of the process are similar to the adult management process. Factors that require special attention are the high osseointegration capacity of a child's bone tissues, which allows stable and simple fusion after the surgical process. Instrumentation is another aspect that must be carefully managed in a child. It is evident in the literature that rigid and firm instrumentation is used in a child after the age of 10 years. But from three years to ten years, sublaminar wirings are used. In many cervical spine cases, the surgical procedure closes and thereby stabilizes the C0 to C2 levels in 17 month old babies. The main reason for resorting to this procedure is that it heals without producing major complications. The bone completion process is achieved within one year of life, which is completely satisfactory (Hedequist & Emans, 2016). Additionally, the cartilaginous tissue of babies' cervical spine requires placement and insertion of screws which must be done precisely. Therefore, surgical planning should be based on a complete and effective study of the anatomy which will be based on a comprehensive investigative process including CT scan, plain radiographs and angiograms which will be used to assess the evolution and variation of the vertebral artery most often present. in cases of severe spinal deformity. Bone grafting is another process that can be used to correct cervical spine injuries, but it is also evident that for babies younger than 36 months, combining the use of a bone promoter with local autograft will give appropriate and satisfactory results at the time of surgery and also after one year of surgery after bone fusion. Degenerative Thoracolumbar Surgery There are many harmonizing areas of spine surgery which include deformity, osteobiology and robotics are the procedure which is actively combined to treat the present future generations. for the treatment of thoracolumbar degenerative diseases. Lumbar decompression is the procedure used to correct compressive thoracolumbar diseases. But it should be avoided in elderly patients with significant medical comorbidities present in preoperative conditions. However, the balance of risk and benefit will be checked using the procedure of introducing interspinous process spacers, endoscopic approaches and some percutaneous instruments. These are broad inclusion criteria to be used in degenerative thoracolumbar surgery. To minimize blood loss with less infection rate, techniques that can be used and performed like insertion of intervertebral fusion cages become safer techniques obtained by obtaining transformational extraforaminal and oblique lumbar interbody fusion techniques less invasive (Scemama, Magrino, Gillet, & P., 2016). The goal of decompression surgery is to relieve the pain generated by pinching of the nerve roots. There are two main causes of lumbar nerve root pressure; lumbar spinal stenosis and lumbar spinal stenosis. The decompression surgery procedure involves removing a small.